🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Antinoopolis — Northern Harbour Bay of Antinoë (Sheikh Ibada North)
Roman to Byzantine (130 CE – 650 CE) · Roman / Hadrianic
Northern Nile bay of Hadrian's Antinoopolis — 120 m quay at +0.5 m and tetrastyle gate.
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CategoriesAncient cities
Capitals, ports and metropolises that rose, fell and were found again.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Postclassic (c.1200–1519 CE) Totonac – Late Classic foundations · Totonac
Cempoala (Nahuatl Cēmpoalātl, place of twenty waters) is the lowland Totonac metropolis on the coastal plain at Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, at 10 m asl.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Roman to Byzantine (130 CE – 650 CE) · Roman / Hadrianic
Northern Nile bay of Hadrian's Antinoopolis — 120 m quay at +0.5 m and tetrastyle gate.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
Ptolemaic to Late Antique (c. 300 BCE – 365 CE submerged) · Ptolemaic Greek / Roman
Cleopatra's palace island in Alexandria Eastern Harbour — Ptolemaic royal isle now 6 m down with sphinx and granite palaces.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Archaic Greek to Late Medieval (700 BCE – 1428 CE) · Greek / Elean / Frankish / Venetian
Crusader Glarentza mint-port (1205–1428) built atop Classical Kyllene trireme harbour — submerged moles at −5 m under north walls mapped by marine geophysics.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Early to Middle Formative 900–400 BCE (Olmec florescence, post-San Lorenzo apogee) · Olmec (Olmeca, language affiliation Gulf-Mixe-Zoque hypothesised)
Apogee Olmec capital (900–400 BCE) – first pyramid in Mesoamerica? – 31 m (some readings 34 m) earthen fluted pyramid-pyramid (C-1) with 10 sunken segments, Complex A (north-palatial plaza with…
🇱🇧 Lebanon · Submerged site
Iron Age Phoenician to Roman (c. 990 BCE – 500 CE) · Phoenician (Tyrian) / Persian / Hellenistic / Roman
Phoenician island city's drowned northern harbour basin – jetty and moles 2–3 m down north of Alexander's causeway.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Ptolemaic to Early Islamic (300 BCE – 800 CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine
Western wine harbour of Marea on Lake Mareotis — 90 m quay at –1.2 m and 120 m basin.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Middle Kingdom to Byzantine (2000 BCE – 400 CE) · Egyptian / Ptolemaic
Southern lake approach of Narmouthis at Medinet Madi — 45 m dromos quay and 70 m basin.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 370 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom
Southern slope harbour of Bosporan capital Pantikapaion at Kerch Bay — 180 m mole at –3 m and ship-shed ramp.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Ancient city
Late Pre-Columbian (800–1600 CE) · Upper Xingu / ancestral Kuikuro Arawak
Eastern plaza K10 of Kuhikugu cluster on Seki East — 12 ha plaza with ditch and 1.2 km causeway.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Late Bronze–Iron II (1200–600 BCE) · Philistine–Israelite
Late Bronze–Iron II (1200–600 BCE) tell of Philistine–Israelite in Tel Aviv District, Yarkon River (c.1200 BCE).
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Late Period to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Egyptian / Greek / Ptolemaic / Roman
Mendes twin capital — Mendesian Branch harbour 400x150 m with 120 perfume workshops and 70 kilns, now 2 m sebkha.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Late Bronze to Iron Age (1600–600 BCE) · Mitanni → Assyrian
Late Bronze to Iron Age (1600–600 BCE) tell of Mitanni → Assyrian in Mardin Province, Nusaybin Plain (c.1600 BCE).
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (c.900–1532 CE) Ychsma – Inca · Ychsma – Inca (Ichma)
Huaycán de Pariachi dominates an alluvial wedge above the lower Rímac at Ate, east Lima. As the largest Ychsma center on the central coast before Pachacamac's Inca remodelling, its monumental core…
🇵🇪 Peru · Hypothetical site
Hypothetical Inka Late Horizon to Refuge · Hypothetical Inka mega-city
Hypothetical northern mesa plateau of Gran Paititi — 3 km natural sandstone outliers as pyramids.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Ancient city
Migration → Vendel → Viking Age 650–850 (Curonian–Scandinavian) · Curonian Baltic + Gotlandic–Swedish Vendel–Viking (Seeburg)
Grobiņa (Grobin/Seeburg, Cur. *Gruobins*) — Curonian–Gotlandic–Swedish emporium (c.650–850, Great Migration → Viking Age) on Ālande River 8 km east Liepāja, South Courland, largest Scandinavian…
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Submerged site
Late Bronze Age to Medieval (1400 BCE – 1200 CE) · Mycenaean / Phoenician / Ptolemaic / Roman
Phoenician Kition 9th c. BCE — 6 ship sheds at −1 m and 60 m mole at −1.5 m under Larnaca Bamboula seafront.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Archaic to Byzantine (1070 BCE – 1402 CE) · Carian / Greek / Persian satrapal / Roman / Byzantine / Hospitaller
Herodotus birthplace — Mausolus capital with two moles now −4 m under Bodrum Marina, traced by multibeam bathymetry.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Roman to Byzantine (130 – 650 CE) · Roman Egyptian / Greco-Roman
Southern necropolis and canal harbour of Antinoopolis 1–3 m buried south of Hadrianic grid — 500 m limestone avenue at –1.5 m and canal quay 80 m.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Roman to Byzantine (130 – 650 CE) · Roman Egyptian / Greco-Roman
Southern necropolis and canal harbour of Antinoopolis 1–3 m buried south of Hadrianic grid — 500 m limestone avenue at –1.5 m and canal quay 80 m.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Bronze Age – Islamic (3000 BCE–1400 CE) · Moabite
Bronze Age – Islamic (3000 BCE–1400 CE) tell of Moabite in Madaba Governorate, Mujib Plateau (c.3000 BCE).
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Hellenistic (550 BCE – 50 BCE) · Sindian / Milesian Greek / Bosporan
Cape roadstead of Bata on Gelendzhik Bay — 50 m breakwater at –3.5 m and quay at –2.8 m.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Predynastic to Late Antique (3300 BCE – 400 CE) · Egyptian / Thinite / New Kingdom / Late
Osiris mysteries canal — Shunet el-Zebib 2700 BCE enclosure (oldest standing 11 m walls) with sacred lake harbour 400x100 m for barque procession.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Hellenistic to Roman (Mithridatic to Hadrianic) · Carian-Lydian Greek under Pergamene and Roman rule
Gorge-spanning double-city Dionysus temple 6×11 with vaulted bridge and library, Strabo's school.
