🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Semna and Kumma Fortresses
Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom (1900–1070 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian occupier
Twin customs forts Semna–Kumma bracketing Second Cataract with Sesostris III's negro-ship decree.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Kerkouane
Punic (Carthaginian) 6th–3rd c BCE · Carthaginian (Phoenician diaspora)
Only surviving pure Punic town, abandoned c.256 BCE with intact street grid, peristyle houses and purple-dye works.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Junnar
Maurya → Satavahana 230 BCE–220 CE → Vakataka 250–400 CE · Satavahana Early Buddhist (Hinayana) → Brahmanical
200+ Satavahana rock-cut caves on Nanaghat pass (300 BCE–400 CE) — Naganika Brahmi inscription of Vedic rites.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Temple complex
Surkh Kotal
Kushan 100–250 CE (Kanishka–Huvishka zenith) · Kushan–Bactrian (Yuezhi) with Greco–Bactrian substrate
Kushan dynastic fire temple (100–200 CE) on Surkh Kotal pass — 50 m terraced sanctuary with Kanishka statues and Bactrian inscription.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Tepe Yahya
Neolithic to Sasanian (5500 BCE–500 CE; peak Proto-Elamite 3100–2600 BCE) · Central Iran Neolithic → Proto-Elamite → Kerman Bronze → Iron → Sasanian
Soghun Plain circular tell with Proto-Elamite chlorite workshop and lapis trade archive.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Tell
Tepe Gawra
Ubaid to Middle Bronze (5000–1500 BCE; peak Chalcolithic 4500–3500 BCE) · Northern Ubaid → Gawran Chalcolithic → Uruk → Early Dynastic → Mitanni
Northern Ubaid–Uruk reference mound with 18 m Round House and 20-level sequence.
🇵🇪 Peru · Temple complex
Coricancha (Qorikancha) – Temple of the Sun, Cusco
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (1200–1533, imperial 1440–1532) · Inca (Manco Capac to Atahualpa)
Supreme Inca sanctuary (c.1200–1533, imperial rebuild Pachacuti c.1440) at heart of Cusco's sacred geography: trapezoidal-walled temenos enclosing Sun Temple curved ashlar wall (6 m high, 55 m long,…
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Ancient city
Mikulčice
Early Medieval Great Moravia 600–907 (peak 830–907) · Great Moravian Slavs (Veligrad hypothesis; Mojmirid)
Mikulčice-Valy — largest Great Moravian agglomeration (6th–10th c, peak Veligrad phase 830–907) on Morava floodplain at Slovak border, 30–50 ha fortified core + suburbs 150 ha.
🇩🇪 Germany · Ancient city
Ralswiek
Early Medieval Slavic Viking Age 750–900 · Slavic Rani (Rujaner) principality — Rugian Slavs
Ralswiek — Slavic Rani princely port-emporium (c.750–850 CE peak, with 8th c predecessor and 9th–10th c princely hall) on Großer Jasmunder Bodden isthmus, Rügen, controlling lagoon–Bay of Greifswald…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Askut Island Fortress
Middle Kingdom to X-Group (1860–500 BCE peak 1850 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian occupier
Mid-Nile island kite-fort Askut guarding Second Cataract channel.
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Ancient city
Pohansko
Early Medieval Great Moravia 780–907 (Mojmirid) · Great Moravian Slavs (Mojmirid dynasty, Carolingian imports)
Pohansko — Great Moravian agglomeration (late 8th–10th c, peak 830–900) 3 km south Břeclav at Dyje–Morava confluence, 28 ha central fort + 2 suburbs = 50 ha total.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Vilnius Lower Castle
Medieval–Renaissance Lithuania 1323–1655 (Gediminas → Vasa) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Gediminid–Jagiellonian–Vasa)
Vilnius Lower Castle (Valdovų rūmai) — stately Renaissance palace of Grand Dukes of Lithuania (Gediminas c.1323 foundation, 15th–17th c Renaissance florescence Sigismund Old–Vasa) at foot of…
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Baba Jan Tepe
Iron Age I–II (1200–700 BCE; Phase II c.1000 BCE, Phase I c.800 BCE) · Central Zagros Iron Age (Luristan) → Median zone
Nurabad Iron Age pillared hall — 12-column prototype of Persian apadana.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Masada — Desert Fortress of Herod
Hasmonean to Roman (2nd c. BCE–73 CE; Herodian peak) · Hasmonean Jewish → Herodian (Idumaean-Jewish client of Rome) → Sicarii → Roman legion → Byzantine monks
Herod's 440 m mesa fortress over Dead Sea — hanging palaces, desert cisterns and preserved Roman siege ramp.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Huaca Rajada – Sipán (Royal Tombs of Sipán)
Early Intermediate Moche 100–700 CE (Sipán tombs 100–300 CE Early Moche, late tombs to 700) · Moche (Mochica, north coast of Peru)
Moche necropolis-platform complex (100–700 CE) with two adobe pyramids (Huaca Rajada 10 m and Huaca de la Raya) covering 10 elite tombs – crowning discovery of 1987 Lord of Sipán (Señor de Sipán,…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Teopanzolco Pyramid Complex (Cuernavaca)
Late Postclassic (Tlahuica / Aztec) · Tlahuica / Aztec
Tlahuica twin-temple pyramid at Teopanzolco — 35×25 m double pyramid c.1200 CE with 11 nests; 2017 earthquake revealed hidden Tlaloc temple.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tel Beersheba
Chalcolithic to Byzantine (peak Iron I–II, 1200–701 BCE) · Chalcolithic well-diggers → Canaanite → Israelite/Judahite → Assyrian → Byzantine
UNESCO biblical frontier tell with four-room houses and Israel's earliest engineered water-tunnel.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tel Arad
Early Bronze II to Iron II / Persian (c.3000–400 BCE; EB peak 2950–2650, Iron 1000–587) · EB Canaanite → absent MB → Israelite Judahite → Babylonian era → Persian
Double-stacked tell: 2950 BCE walled EB city plus Iron Age Judahite fortress-temple twin of Jerusalem.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Tenayuca Pyramid (Coatepetl) Twin-Stair Pyramid
Postclassic (Chichimec / Aztec) · Chichimec / Aztec (Nahua)
Aztec twin-stair Coatepetl pyramid at Tenayuca — 38×22 m 19 m high with 40 serpent-head balustrades, 6 rebuild nests c.1220–1350 CE precursor to Templo Mayor.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Gurob Harem Palace
New Kingdom to Late Period (1479–600 BCE; peak Amenhotep III–Tut 1390–1320) · Ancient Egyptian (New Kingdom palace)
Gurob (Medinet Ghurab, ancient Mi-Wer 'Great Lake') is New Kingdom harem palace founded Thutmose III (1479 BCE) on Faiyum entrance, inhabited Amenhotep III–Ramesses II as women's palace with…
🇮🇹 Italy · Ancient city
Nuraghe Palmavera — Alghero, Sardinia
Middle to Late Bronze Age (c.1500–900 BCE) · Nuragic (Middle Bronze Santu Ippolito–Late Bronze Antas)
Nuraghe Palmavera (Middle–Late Bronze Age c.1500–900 BCE) 9 km NW of Alghero by Porto Conte Bay is a two-tower nuraghe (central keep 10 m high tholos plus later 10-m bastion) with a unique meeting…
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Pyramid
Naranjo (Sa'al) Pyramids
Maya Classic (Late Classic apogee) · Maya (Sa'al kingdom)
Classic Maya capital Sa'al (Naranjo) hilltop city: 32 m triadic Acropolis pyramid, hieroglyphic stairways of Lady Six Sky's wars with Tikal/Calakmul 500 BCE–950 CE.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Temple complex
Tell Agrab
Late Uruk to Akkadian (c.3400–2200 BCE; temple peak ED II–III 2750–2350 BCE) · Uruk → Jemdet Nasr → Early Dynastic Sumerian (Diyala) → Akkadian
Oval Shara Temple with ED votive hoard and earliest saw-tooth niche architecture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
İnandıktepe
Old Hittite to Empire (1650–1200 BCE) · Hittite (Hattic substrate)
Old Hittite cult terrace that produced the four-register Inandik vase (acrobats and goddess).