🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Carchemish (Karkemish)
Bronze–Iron Age · Hittite viceroy, Neo-Hittite Suhi dynasty, Assyrian
Straddling Euphrates ford metropolis: Hittite viceroy-capital with King’s Gate hieroglyphs and 605 BCE battlefield.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Harran Tell (Harran Plain)
Early Bronze Age through Ummayad Abbasid (c.3000 BCE–750 CE); EBA, MBA, Assyrian, Roman, Islamic · EBA → Assyrian Bit-Adini → Aramaean → Hellenistic-Roman Carrhae → Ummayad Islamic
Bibliographic Harran tell — EBA to Ummayad capital of moon-god Sin (Haran) under medieval beehive city (c.3000 BCE–750 CE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Karkamış (Carchemish)
Early Bronze Age through Iron Age II (c.3000–717 BCE); Neolithic substratum · EBA–MBA Euphrates town → Hittite viceroyalty → Neo-Hittite Luwian-Aramaean
80 ha Euphrates tell — Hittite viceregal capital and Neo-Hittite sculpture city on Turkish-Syrian border (c.3000–717 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Titriş Höyük
Early Bronze Age II–III through Middle Bronze (c.2600–2200 BCE peak; MBA sparse) · EBA Syro-Mesopotamian urban (Khabur-Euphrates city-state)
43 ha EBA orthogonal planned city (2600–2200 BCE) with 2.5 km wall and suburbs — largest Euphrates east-bank urban centre.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Hattusa
Hittite Empire (Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze) · Hittite
Capital of Hittite Empire (1600–1180 BCE) with double walls 8 km, Lion Gate, Sphinx Gate, Great Temple and rock sanctuary Yazılıkaya with 90+ reliefs of gods. Archives of 30,000 cuneiform tablets.