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🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Old Kingdom / Second Intermediate · Egyptian
Lost capital of Xoite 14th Dynasty (76 kings) contesting Hyksos Avaris. Stepped temple of Amun and 8 m Hyksos walls detected by magnetometry; Herodotus lists Delta metropolis.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Old to Middle Kingdom / Late Period · Egyptian
Capital of Heracleopolitan dynasty (Dyn 9–10, 2160–2055 BCE) whose 'Instruction for Merikare' defines First Intermediate Period.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Pharaonic to Byzantine (New Kingdom – 7th c CE; Ptolemaic port 300 BCE) · Egyptian / Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine
Egypt's western gate on Mediterranean lagoon, Paraetonium began as Ramesses II's western chain fort, then great Ptolemaic lagoon port with Alexander–Cleopatra stopover tradition; l...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Middle Kingdom (1990–1650 BCE) · Egyptian (12th Dynasty)
Unfinished Sobek temple with 7 shrines on Lake Qarun shore.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Predynastic to Ptolemaic (c. 3500 BCE – 30 BCE; peak 1550–1070 BCE) · Egyptian (Naqada – New Kingdom – Late)
Twin to Hierakonpolis, El Kab's double walls 12 m high enclose predynastic to New Kingdom town with rock tombs narrating Hyksos expulsion (Ahmose son of Ibana biography). Temple of...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
New Kingdom · Egyptian (Seti I)
Abydos Osireion (paired detail) in Sohag, Egypt is a New Kingdom temple complex attributed to Egyptian (Seti I) culture.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Fortress
Second Intermediate to Saite (c. 1800–525 BCE; Hyksos–Ramesside fortress) · Hyksos / New Kingdom Egyptian (Ramesside)
Wadi Tumilat gate fortress claimed as biblical Pithom/Succoth, with Hyksos glacis and Ramesside Tjeku fortress of Seti I (Pr-Atum). Excavated by Naville, Petrie and Polish mission...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Predynastic to Roman · Egyptian / Roman
Caravan terminus of Wadi Hammamat road to Red Sea moving gold, bekhen-stone and incense. Temple of Min–Isis (Elkab-scale).
🇪🇬 Egypt · Tell
Hyksos to Ptolemaic (1720 BCE – 73 CE) · Hyksos / Egyptian / Ptolemaic Jewish (Onias)
Northern spur of the classic double-tell of Yahudiya, with Hyksos rampart extension and Onias-period Jewish cemetery north of the temple platform where Petrie found inverted pots a...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient port
Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty (2620–2500 BCE, Sneferu–Khufu) · Old Kingdom Egyptian
Southern annex of the world's oldest harbour (Khufu) with 8 rock-cut galleries storing mortised cedar boats and 150 anchors, plus Merer papyrus dump. South mole stub now -1 m.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Roman · Roman / Egyptian / Greek
Instant Græco-Roman show-city founded by Hadrian Oct 130 CE for drowned Antinous. Hippodamian grid, tetrastyle gates, 3 km colonnaded cardo, circus and temple to Osiris-Antinous. Greek boule papyri.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient village
Old Kingdom to Roman · Egyptian
Cliff sanctuary with rock-cut Hathor/Nemesis chapel, pink limestone quarries supplying Amarna, and 12th Dyn rock-tombs of nomarch Wahka with nautical graffiti. Miners' camp and Roman road station.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
Ptolemaic to Byzantine · Egyptian-Greek / Roman
Sister city to Heracleion, 1.7 km west on same dune-barrier, sacred to Osiris with temple of Serapis, submerged same event, excavated by Goddio with statuettes, jewellery and ritual vessels.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Old Kingdom to Ptolemaic · Egyptian
Lion-god Mahes capital with huge enclosure 1000×800 m and red granite naos of Osorkon II; claimed rival Onias temple at Leontopolis. Dense Late Period lion cemetery with animal catacombs.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Second pyramid of Sneferu where angle changes mid-construction from 54° to 43°, preserving limestone casing. Unique internal corbel system. Demonstrates learning curve to true pyramid.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Old Kingdom, 3rd Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Oldest large stone structure in Egypt: architect Imhotep's six-step pyramid for Djoser, 3rd Dynasty, evolving from mastaba. Inside complex with Heb-Sed court and serdab.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Second largest Giza pyramid, built for Khafre, retaining Tura limestone casing at apex, with associated Sphinx, valley temple and causeway.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
First successful true pyramid, by Sneferu, of reddish limestone giving modern name. Culmination of experimental phase leading to Giza.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Smallest of three Giza pyramids, Menkaure, with granite lower casing and three subsidiary queens' pyramids.
