🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Kyzyl-Tobe North Kurgan (Uil River North Frontier Outpost)
Middle Sarmatian · Sarmatian frontier
Kyzyl-Tobe north outpost: 18-m isolated kurgan with rampart overlooking Uil River ford.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Boralday West Steppe Kurgans (Boralday Plain West Extension)
Early Saka (Saka Tigraxauda) · Saka Tigraxauda (Almaty Saka)
Boralday west: 7 Saka mounds 45–72 m extending park 4 km toward Almaty plain.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Karaoba Extended Kurgan Field (Karaoba Ridge West Chain)
Middle to Late Sarmatian · Late Sarmatian
Karaoba west: 7 chalk-marl kurgans extending field N-S 1.8 km toward Caspian lowland.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Aktobe Besoba Terrace Kurgan (Karaganda Steppe Pyramid)
Early Saka Tasmola (6th–5th c. BCE) · Tasmola culture
Besoba terrace satellite: 32-m Tasmola kurgan 340 m south of steppe pyramid mausoleum, Karaganda.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Temple complex
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Timurid 1389–1405 over Yasawi 12th c. · Timurid / Sufi Sunni
Colossal Timurid shrine (1389–1405) over 12th-c. Sufi poet Khoja Ahmed Yasawi's grave, commissioned by Timur to draw Islam to steppe, largest brick dome in Central Asia (44 m high, 22 m span) and…
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Taldy-2 Satellite Kurgan (Tasmola South Annex)
Tasmola Early Saka (5th c. BCE) · Tasmola
Taldy-2 satellite: 24-m Tasmola maiden kurgan 800 m south of royal Arystan, Karaganda steppe.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly II Central Gorge Petroglyphs
Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval · Andronovo, Saka, Wusun, Turkic
Central tributary gorge of the Tamgaly (Tanbaly) UNESCO landscape 170 km NW Almaty, comprising 4.5 km of northwest-facing Chu-Ili schist panels with ~800 engravings.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Syntas West Kurgan Field (Aktobe Sarmatian Ridge West)
Early Sarmatian (Sauromatian) · Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian
Syntas west: 9 Sarmatian kurgans on Aktobe ridge crest with deer-stone stelae.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Ancient city
Taraz Ancient City Site
Western Turkic Khaganate to Karakhanid–Qara Khitai · Sogdian / Turkic / Karakhanid
Core Silk Road city at Talas River on northern branch, flourishing 6th–12th c. as capital of Turkic Kaganate and later Karakhanid.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly-Tas II Upper Cliff Petroglyphs
Late Bronze to Dzungar · Wusun, Turkic, Mongol-Oirat, Tibetan Buddhist
Upper limestone cliff 35 m above the Ili left bank at Tamgaly-Tas (Kapchagai), 800 m upstream from the famous 17th-century Tibetan Buddhist panels.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Korgantas East Kurgan (Korgantas Ridge East Satellite)
Tasmola to Sarmatian Transition · Tasmola → Sarmatian
Korgantas east: 28-m Tasmola–Sarmatian transitional kurgan 3 km east of type site, Karaganda.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Ancient city
Otrar Ancient Settlement
Kangju to Karakhanid to Mongol to Timurid · Sogdian / Turkic / Karakhanid / Mongol
Silk Road ghost city in Otrar Oasis at Syr Darya–Arys confluence, occupied 1st c. CE–18th c., apex 10th–12th c. as caravan metropolis of 10 ha citadel + 40 ha shakhristan.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly III — Karatau Ridge Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Turkic (1400 BCE – 900 CE) · Andronovo to Saka-Scythian to Turkic, Chu valley pastoralists
Karatau outlier with 120+ sun-head and deer panels on basalt knolls SW of main gorge.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly-Tas II Ili River Bend North Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Oirat · Andronovo, Saka, Wusun, Oirat
North river-bend schist slabs at the Kurta confluence on the Ili, 1.2 km north of the main Tamgaly-Tas Buddha, comprising 90 panels on flood-scoured boulders and low cliff.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to early nomadic (~2000 BCE – 1000 CE) · Andronovo, Karasuk, Saka and Turkic nomadic
Arid gorge in the Chu-Ili massif preserving five major groups with over 5,000 petroglyphs, famed for anthropomorphic sun-headed figures up to 80 cm tall with rayed haloes.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Archaeological wonder
Issyk Kurgan and the Golden Warrior
Saka (400–200 BCE) · Saka (Issyk–Tasmola, East Scythian)
Six-meter stone mound on the Talgar fan where Kemal Akishev in 1969 recovered an undisturbed side cist containing an 18-year-old Saka prince clad in 4,000 gold plaques depicting leopard, ibex and…
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Archaeological wonder
Berel Kurgans
Scythian Pazyryk phase (~400–250 BCE) · Saka/Pazyryk (East Kazakh nomadic)
Seventy burial mounds in the Bukhtarma valley of the Altai where Canadian–Kazakh teams uncovered horse sacrifices wearing antlered ibex-horn masks transforming them into griffins.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly-Tas Ili North Terrace — Kurty Shore Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Dzungar to Kazakh (1500 BCE – 1900 CE) · Oirat Mongol (Buddhist) and earlier Andronovo/Kazakh nomad
North-bank Ili terrace with Bronze Age carts and Kazakh tamgas opposite Buddhist cliffs.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly II North Outcrop Petroglyphs
Late Bronze to Saka-Wusun · Andronovo, Saka, Wusun
Isolated granite outcrop 600 m north of Tamgaly Main Gorge, a whale-backed ridge exposing 22 vertical panels with 180+ peckings contrasting valley-floor schist.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly Kungei Ridge Sanctuary — Aiyrtau Sun Shrine
Bronze Age to Turkic (1400 BCE – 800 CE) · Andronovo to Saka to Turkic
Ridgetop with shaman drum and deer-headdress plus Saka kurgans.