🇳🇬 Nigeria · Tell
Gazargamu Nguru Palaeolake Mound
Late Kanem-Bornu (15th–18th c. CE) · Kanuri (Bornu)
Lake-fishery satellite tell west of Bornu capital on Nguru fen fen.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Sine-Saloum Shell Midden South
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Local Neolithic
Sine-Saloum Shell Midden South in Nok Valley, Nigeria is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) earthwork attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Rock art
Rhapta Submerged Harbour — Nok Valley (Jos)
Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) · Local Neolithic
Rhapta Submerged Harbour in Nok Valley, Nigeria is a Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) rock art attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Borobudur Terrace Pyramid South — Nubia (Khartoum)
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Local Neolithic
Borobudur Terrace Pyramid South in Nubia, Nigeria is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) earthwork attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Megalith
Tiekene-Boussoura Tumulus North
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Medieval
Tiekene-Boussoura Tumulus North in Nok Valley, Nigeria is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) megalithic attributed to Medieval culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Temple complex
Khami Ruins Outlier — Nok Valley (Jos)
Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) · Medieval
Khami Ruins Outlier in Nok Valley, Nigeria is a Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) temple complex attributed to Medieval culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Tumulus
Western Ridge Tumulus — Nubia (Khartoum)
Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) · Local Neolithic
Western Ridge Tumulus in Nubia, Nigeria is a Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) tumulus attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Megalith
Susa Acropole Temple Platform — Nubia (Khartoum)
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Medieval
Susa Acropole Temple Platform in Nubia, Nigeria is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) megalithic attributed to Medieval culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Paramonga Fortress Pyramid
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age
Paramonga Fortress Pyramid in Nubia, Nigeria is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) earthwork attributed to Bronze Age culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Rock art
Iwo Eleru Cave
Middle Stone Age to Iron Age (92,000 BP–500 CE) · MSA/LSA forest foragers
Iwo Eleru Rock Shelter in southwest Nigeria forest is Later Stone Age to Iron Age shelter 92,000–3,000 BP with 13ka calvaria of early modern human with archaic features (Iwo Eleru skull) sparking…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Sungbo's Eredo (Ogun) – Yoruba's 160-km Earthwork Rampart
Late Iron Age / Yoruba (Ijebu) · Ijebu Yoruba (Oloye Bilikisu Sungbo tradition)
Largest single monument in Africa: 160 km curvilinear ditch-and-bank snaking 20 m deep through rainforest around medieval Ijebu kingdom (800–1000 CE, Darling charcoal).
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Fortress
Gobir Citadel of Gidan Sabon Birni
Sokoto period (19th c. CE; Gobir resistance) · Hausa (Gobir)
Late Gobir fortified birni (4.2 km) after 1808 fall of Al Kalawa.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Kwiambana Hillfort (Zamfara) – Stone-Walled Escarpment Town
Late Iron Age / Historic Hausa · Hausa / Katsinawa refugees
Huge dry-stone perimeter walls (3 km) enclosing plateau hilltown on brink of Kayra escarpment, refuge for Katsina peoples during 18th–19th c Fulani jihads.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Katsina City and Kusugu Well
Hausa Late Iron Age to Sultanate (c.1100 CE–present) · Hausa (Katsinawa)
Hausa walled city (14 km walls, 7 gates) with Gobarau Minaret and Kusugu well legend.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Gwoza Hills Settlements
Iron Age to present (500 BCE–present) · Mandara / Wandala / Kanuri
Mandara terrace villages with 10 km stone terraces and iron forges.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Rock art
Yankari Rock Shelters
Late Stone Age to Iron Age (4000 BCE–1500 CE) · Nok-related / Hausa
National park shelters with 12 iron furnaces and Shira rock paintings.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Fortified city
Katsina City Walls – 14 km Runded Earthwork
Hausa classical (c. 1100–1807 CE; Ganuwa built 13th–14th c) · Hausa (Katsina scholarly centre)
Seven-gate 14 km mud rampart enclosing 405 ha Hausa scholarly city of Gobarau minaret (14th c mudbrick tower 15 m, oldest multi-storey mud in West Africa), manuscript libraries and...
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Rock art
Kagoro Rock Gongs
Iron Age to Kagoro Kingdom (500 BCE–present) · Nok / Kagoro (Southern Kaduna)
Quartzite gong field (6 slabs) with Kpop fort walls (2 km).
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Gajiganna Culture Complex (Borno)
Chad Basin Late Stone Age · Gajiganna culture
Urn-field mound complex defining Gajiganna culture bridging Saharan and sub-Saharan pastoralism before Kanem.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Tell
Unj Goza Mound
Gajiganna to Kanem (1800 BCE–800 CE) · Gajiganna / Kanem-Bornu
Lake Chad basin tell 12 m high with Gajiganna sequence 1800 BCE–800 CE.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Rock art
Dutsen Kongba (Jos Plateau)
Nok to Berom (1500 BCE–present) · Nok / Proto-Berom
Jos Plateau rock-gong complex with 8 granite gongs and Nok scatter.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Rock art
Tura Rock Inscriptions
Iron Age to Historic (500 BCE–19th c.) · Nok-derived / Bauchi hunters
Granite cliff with 300 inscriptions and cattle engravings (hunters' oath site).
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Mound
Kursakata Mound (Borno) – Firki Stratigraphy
Iron Age to Historic Kanem · Chad Basin (Gajiganna → Kanem-Bornu)
7 m deep tell preserving 3000-year fishing-pastoralist sequence; fish bones, cord roulette ceramics and copper imports show trans-Saharan contact before Arab records.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Mound
Ngala / Ndufu Mound (Chad Basin)
Iron Age to Kanem-Bornu · Chad Basin
Firki classic mound 5 m with cattle-trail causeways visible on SAR; compound enclosures vs kraals detected by magnetometry.