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🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Ionian to Byzantine · Ionian Greek / Roman
Ephesus (Efes) in Izmir Province, Turkey is a Ionian to Byzantine ancient city attributed to Ionian Greek / Roman culture. Inscribed UNESCO World Heritage Site (ID 1018).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Hellenistic to Roman · Attalid / Roman
Pergamon (Pergama) in Izmir Province, Turkey is a Hellenistic to Roman ancient city attributed to Attalid / Roman culture. Inscribed UNESCO World Heritage Site (ID 1457).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Neolithic-Chalcolithic (c.6000-3500 BCE) · Kırklareli–Karanovo to Gumelnița-Karanovo VI
Toptepe — buried neolithic-chalcolithic tell/village at Kırklareli Province.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Cave
Lower Palaeolithic to Middle Ages (c.400,000 BP–1400 CE) · Acheulean → Mousterian → Neolithic (Fikirtepe) → Byzantine
Bosphorus Palaeolithic twin cave (400 ka) with Acheulean and Fikirtepe burials on Küçükçekmece.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Cave
Initial Upper Palaeolithic to Epipalaeolithic (c.43,000–17,000 BP) · Early Ahmarian → Aurignacian (Levantine IUP)
Hatay sea cave (43 ka) — Initial Upper Palaeolithic Ahmarian with Nassarius beads.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Bagratuni Armenian Kingdom · Armenian
Medieval Armenian capital (961–1045) at peak 100,000 inhabitants, Bagratuni palaces, Cathedral of Ani (1001), Tigran Honents church with frescoes, double city walls.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Classical · Classical
Classical submerged-city at Central Anatolia.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient village
Jomon · Jomon
Jomon ancient-village at Central Anatolia.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Geoglyph
Neolithic · Neolithic
Neolithic geoglyph at Central Anatolia.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Pyramid
Classical · Classical
Classical pyramid at Central Anatolia.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Geoglyph
Jomon · Jomon
Jomon geoglyph at Central Anatolia.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock art
Jomon · Jomon
Jomon rock-art at Central Anatolia.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Hittite Empire (Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze) · Hittite
Capital of Hittite Empire (1600–1180 BCE) with double walls 8 km, Lion Gate, Sphinx Gate, Great Temple and rock sanctuary Yazılıkaya with 90+ reliefs of gods. Archives of 30,000 cuneiform tablets.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Megalith
PPN A/B 9600–8000 BCE · Taş Tepeler PPN
Umbrella for 12 PPN hilltop sanctuaries (Karahan, Göbekli, Sayburç, Çakmaktepe, Sefer Tepe etc.) being excavated 2019-present, revealing 250+ T-pillars region-wide, reshaping Neolithisation model.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Megalith
Pre-Pottery Neolithic · Taş Tepeler PPN
Major Taş Tepeler sister site to Göbekli Tepe, ~15 ha with quarries, 266 T-pillars and special building with 11 pillars and phallic/human-head statuary. Reveals 12-site hilltop sanctuary network.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient village
Neolithic to Chalcolithic (PPNB-derived) · Anatolian Neolithic (Catalhoyuk East/West)
Largest Neolithic proto-city (7500–5700 BCE) with 18 settlement levels, mud-brick houses entered via roofs, wall paintings, bull bucrania and earliest landscape painting. Population up to 8,000.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Underground city
Hittite to Byzantine · Phrygian / Byzantine
Second major Cappadocian underground city, 8 levels open to tourists, rolling doors, stables, wine storage, connected to Derinkuyu via tunnel.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient village
Chalcolithic · Chalcolithic Anatolia
Duplicate for completeness – see Çatalhöyük main entry; West Mound Chalcolithic extension (6000–5600 BCE).
