🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Paunar
Vakataka (420–550 CE) with Mauryan–Satavahana precursor · Vakataka (Deccan Gupta-age)
Pravarapura—Vakataka capital (420 CE)—700×600 m fortified mound with grid plan on Dham River.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortified city
Zinchecra — Garamantian Ridge Citadel above Germa
Garamantian Early (900–500 BCE pre-Garma) · Early Garamantian hillfort → Garamantian state origin
Zinchecra excavated by Mattingly 1990s, earliest Garamantian fort prior to valley Garama.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortified city
Old Jarma — Medieval Citadel over Garama
Garamantian to Early Islamic (500 BCE–1500 CE layered) · Garamantian → Arab Jarma
Jarma excavated by Daniels, Islamic layered above Garamantian capital mound.