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The catalogue
12 places to sift through. Narrow by kind, country, period or how firmly each one is established — contested and pseudoarchaeological claims are labelled here, never hidden.
🇺🇸 United States · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture; Hopewell
Fort Ancient — North Embankment Gateway (Warren County) in Ohio, Warren County, Fort Ancient, United States is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) for…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Buhen Fortress — Buried Bastion North (Wadi Halfa, Sudan) in Northern, Buhen, Sudan is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron…
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Citadel of Henthorn in Andalusia, Spain is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Fortress
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Moor in Coquimbo, Chile is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Fortress
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Eilean in Preah Vihear, Cambodia is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Ptolemaic to Byzantine (3rd c BCE – 7th c CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine (Cyrenaica–Marmarica)
Desert–lagoon frontier tower at Marmarica's Cyrenaica edge, Boreum guarded the coastal road's last water before Egyptian desert and lagoon fishery.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Fortress
Roman to Byzantine (2nd–7th c CE) · Roman / Byzantine
Frontier fortlet on steppe ridge with Roman farm and Byzantine quadrangle fort (80×60 m) reusing inscriptions, on Thelepte–Cillium road.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Roman (1st–5th c CE) · Roman (Numidia)
Pass fort on northern Aurès road, Thamallula guards the Belezma gap with courtyard fortress and road village.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Garamantian (200 BCE–300 CE) · Garamantian highland granary
Tahat granary surveyed by Liverani 2000s, Garamantian high storage.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Chimú to Inca border (1200–1470 Chimú; 1470 Inca modified La Frontera) · Chimú → Inca Chimu-Inca frontier wall Motupillo (Pativilca analog)
Apurlec surveyed by Kosok, 10 km walls.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Fortress
Roman (3rd c. CE) · Roman Egyptian desert limes
El Ar surveyed.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Greek Barca 560 BCE → Byzantine → Arab Barca medieval capital 640–1150 CE · Greek Barca → Arab Barqah capital of Cyrenaica Emirate 640 CE
Barca surveyed Goodchild, Barca Greek to Arab.
