🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
Phoenician to Late Antique (8th c. BCE–7th c. CE) · Phoenician / Numidian / Roman
Phoenician-Roman port under modern Bizerte with lagoon quay.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Hydraulic works
Jawa West Reservoir — Wadi Rajil Basalt Dam System West Pool
Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze I (3500 – 3000 BCE) · Proto-urban pastoralist Jawa (Jordanian black desert)
West pool of world's earliest 3500 BCE basalt dam network 80 m serving 3,000 desert inhabitants.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Sadd el-Kafara South Embankment — Wadi Garawi Secondary Dam Wing
Old Kingdom Early Dynastic–3rd Dynasty (2700 – 2600 BCE) · Egyptian Old Kingdom (Sneferu–Djoser period)
South wing of oldest masonry dam 2650 BCE 113 m long unfinished collapse in Wadi Garawi.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Marib Wadi Dhana South Dam — Sabaean Southern Oasis Spillway
Sabaean to Himyarite (800 BCE – 575 CE) · Sabaean Kingdom (Saba) and Himyarite maintenance
South dam and spillway of Sabaean 763 m rock-fill marvel feeding southern oasis.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Birnin Kebbi
Songhai-Kebbi to Sokoto (1515–1831) · Kebbi / Songhai / Fulani
Kebbi Empire capital (1515) with 9 km walls and Kanta palace mound.
🇨🇳 China · Pyramid
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor & Terracotta Army
Qin Dynasty · Qin / Han-precursor
Unopened earthen pyramid mound of Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE) with 600 pits, ~8000 terracotta warriors, chariots, weapons protecting subterranean bronze palace described by Sima Qian with mercury…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Daura Emirate – Hausa Foundation City
Hausa foundation (9th c CE – 1805 Fulani conquest; Bayajidda c. 900 CE) · Hausa (Bayajidda legend; Daurama matriarchal tradition)
Holiest Hausa city where Bayajidda legend says Daurama queen's serpent Sarki in Kusugu well was slain c. 900 CE founding Hausa Bakwai; 14th c mud walls 6.5 km with palace of Emir a...
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Gobir (Al Kalawa) – Desert Capital Remains
Hausa–Gobir kingdom (c. 1450–1808 reform jihad; abandonment 1808) · Hausa-Gobir (king Bawa Jangwarzo, Yunfa vs Usman dan Fodio)
Final capital of animist Gobir kingdom at Al Kalawa, with 4.5 km desert mud walls and palace tell where Sultan Yunfa hosted then fought Usman dan Fodio before 1808 Sokoto jihad cap...
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Birnin Kebbi (Argungu) – Kebbi River Fort Town
Kebbi Kingdom (1515 Kebbi revolt from Songhai – 1808 Fulani) · Zarma–Hausa–Songhai (Kanta Kotal founder)
Rival capital to Songhai after Kebbi's 1515 revolt, Birnin Kebbi on Sokoto River with 5.8 km walls and citadel where Kanta's cavalry defeated Songhai at Surame aftermath; annual Ar...
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Wukari (Jukun) – Benue Valley Palace Area
Jukun Kwararafa (c. 1300–1900 CE; peak 16th–18th c) · Jukun (Kwararafa confederacy)
Capital of the Jukun–Kwararafa Benue empire, Wukari's palace enclosure (400×350 m) houses the Aku Uka sacred kingship shrine and town walls that controlled Benue–Cameroon corridor...
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Paliurus (El Agheila) – Syrtic Salt Post
Punic to Roman (5th c BCE – 5th c CE) · Punic / Roman (Tripolitania–Cyrenaica border)
Lonely Syrtis salt post at Syrtis Major's southernmost bay, Paliurus marks the dangerous coastal road's water point between Leptis and Berenice; still salt flats.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Fortress
Henchir Sidi Amara – Roman–Byzantine Fort
Roman to Byzantine (2nd–7th c CE) · Roman / Byzantine
Frontier fortlet on steppe ridge with Roman farm and Byzantine quadrangle fort (80×60 m) reusing inscriptions, on Thelepte–Cillium road.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Henchir Sidi Khalifa (Pheradi Maius Region)
Punic to Roman (4th c BCE – 6th c CE) · Punic / Roman
Coastal Sahel village near Pheradi Maius harbour, with Punic bottle cisterns and Roman house mosaics, controlling coastal lagoon salt.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Ulippira (Henchir el-Biar)
Roman (1st–5th c CE) · Roman
Olive press village with Roman counterweights and vats still visible among olive groves, typical of High Tell oleoculture.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Henchir Khima (Bou Ficha)
Roman (1st–5th c CE) · Roman (Africa Proconsularis)
Sahel olive road vicus with long press row and cisterns, typical Bydacena oleoculture landscape feeding Hadrumetum port.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Thamallula (Theniet Belezma)
Roman (1st–5th c CE) · Roman (Numidia)
Pass fort on northern Aurès road, Thamallula guards the Belezma gap with courtyard fortress and road village.