🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Maitland's Mesa Kite Enclosure (Maitland's Hillfort Mesa)
PPNB to Late Neolithic · Harrat pastoral foragers
Historic type-site where RAF pilot Maitland coined 'desert kite' (1927): 11 kites and cairn chain on basalt mesa.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Ancient city
Bilsk Hillfort – Gelonus
Early Iron Age, Scythian period · Scythian-agrarian (Budini, possibly Geloni Greeks per Herodotus)
4,400-ha 7th-c. BCE Scythian mega-hillfort—largest in Europe, Herodotus's wooden Gelonus candidate.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Hillfort
Aizkraukle
Late Iron Age Baltic → Livonian Crusade 1213 · Latgallian → Liv (Livs) → Livonian Order (Sword Brethren)
Aizkraukle (Ascheraden) — Latgallian → Liv hillfort and later stone castle hill (Iron Age–16th c) on Daugava right bank 82 km southeast Riga, 40 m above Daugava, ~67 m a.s.l.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Hillfort
Apuolė
Late Iron Age Curonian (5th–13th c) Viking Age horizon 853 · Curonian (Baltic Western) — Rimbert's Apulia
Apuolė (Apulia) — Curonian hillfort (5th–13th c, florescence 850s, attacked 853 by Vikings per Rimbert's Vita Ansgarii) on Luoba tributary, Skuodas District, oldest Lithuanian settlement mentioned in…
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Zinchecra
Iron Age Saharan (900 BCE–200 CE) · Proto-Garamantian / Garamantian
80-m black-capped mesa hillfort 900–400 BCE pre-Garamantian stone rampart enclosing 2-ha citadel.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Ancient city
Kernavė Archaeological Reserve
Mesolithic to Medieval (c.7000 BCE–1390 CE) · Baltic (Lithuanian)
UNESCO World Heritage ensemble in the Neris valley 35 km NW of Vilnius, with five hillforts (Aukuro, Mindaugo, Lizdeikos, Pilies and Kriveikiškis), unfortified settlements, burial fields and medieval…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Kajuru Hill Settlement
Iron Age to Late Medieval (500 BCE–1800 CE) · Nok–Koro–Atyap continuum
Kajuru Hills are dramatic inselberg hillforts above southern Kaduna plain, occupied Nok-terminal to Koro–Atyap phases 500 BCE–1800 CE, with dry-stone terracing and hilltop granaries akin to Sukur's…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Kwiambana Hillfort (Zamfara) – Stone-Walled Escarpment Town
Late Iron Age / Historic Hausa · Hausa / Katsinawa refugees
Huge dry-stone perimeter walls (3 km) enclosing plateau hilltown on brink of Kayra escarpment, refuge for Katsina peoples during 18th–19th c Fulani jihads.