🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Toprakkale (Rusahinili)
Urartian (735–714 BCE) · Urartian (Rusa I)
Urartian (735–714 BCE) fortress of Urartian (Rusa I) in Van Province, Van Plain (c.735 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Arzashkun
Iron Age Urartian (880–780 BCE) · Urartian Early Kingdom
Iron Age Urartian (880–780 BCE) ancient-city of Urartian Early Kingdom in Muș Province, Malazgirt (c.880 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Patnos / Aznavur Tepe
Urartian (810–730 BCE) · Urartian (Menua)
Urartian (810–730 BCE) fortress of Urartian (Menua) in Ağrı Province, Patnos Plain (c.800 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Karkemish
Late Bronze Age to Iron Age (c.1400–717 BCE) with Neolithic–Medieval overburden · Hittite viceregal → Neo-Hittite Luwian/Aramaean
Syro-Hittite capital on Euphrates (90 ha twin-mound, basalt orthostats, Storm-God reliefs) at Turkey–Syria border.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Zincirli
Iron Age (c.1000–676 BCE) plus Bronze substrate · Aramaean–Neo-Hittite Samʾal
Iron Age Samʾal 40 ha triple-walled (Kuttamuwa Stele, lion orthostats) in Islahiye valley.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Büyükkaya
Chalcolithic to Iron Age (c.5500 BCE–600 CE; Hittite capital eastern quarters) · Chalcolithic → Hittite Empire → Phrygian → Iron Age polity → Byzantine
Eastern citadel of Hittite Hattusa on Budaközü gorge — silos and Iron Age polity above Boğazköy.