🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Kalbak-Tash II Yaloman North Terrace
Neolithic to Turkic Khaganate · Afanasievo, Okunev, Andronovo, Saka-Pazyryk, Turkic
North bank Yaloman terrace 1.8 km upstream of main Kalbak-Tash with elk-boat panels.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Kalbak-Tash III Chuyozy Confluence
Bronze Age to Turkic · Afanasievo, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Ancient Turk
Promontory at sacred Chuya-Katun confluence with ford-inscription and sun-wheel.
🇷🇺 Russia · Lake city
Kitezh – Invisible City on Svetloyar Lake
Legendary 1164–1237 foundation; literature 1780s–1810s Kitezh Chronicle (Ketija letopisets) · Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' / Old Believer / Orthodox folk eschatology
Batu Khan's 1237 target – Yuri's city that sank invisible into 30 m Svetloyar Lake, bells still claimed heard.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Uyuk Valley Second Kurgan Terrace (North Arzhan Satellite)
Early Iron Age (Arzhan-Chertomlyk) · Arzhan (Early Scythian / Saka Royal)
Second terrace north of Uyuk River (950 m, 52°03′N 93°51′E) in the Tuva Valley of the Kings, complementing Arzhan 1 (9th c BCE) and Arzhan 2 (7th c BCE) on south terrace and Tunnug 1 (9th c) centre.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Ust-Koksa Kurgan Field (Katun Headwaters, Altai)
Early Iron Age (Pazyryk culture) · Pazyryk (Altai Scythian)
Katun River headwaters kurgan field (973 m, 50°16′11″N 85°36′39″E 50.2697,85.6108) on moraine terrace above Katun (Ust-Koksa village 973 m, Dfc climate, UTC+7), bridging Pazyryk culture (5th-3rd c…
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Kyzyl-Uzuk Kurgan Field (Upper Yenisei, Tuva)
Early Iron Age (Scythian / Uyuk-Sagly) · Uyuk / Sagly Scythian (Arzhan-derived)
Mid-Uyuk-Seedling kurgan chain (850 m, 51°43′N 94°27′E) in Ulug-Khem (Upper Yenisei) floodplain north of Kyzyl, on terrace between Tuva's Uyuk Valley (Arzhan) and Sayan foothills.
🇷🇺 Russia · Ancient village
Sintashta
Middle Bronze Age Sintashta (2100–1800 BCE) · Sintashta (Indo-Iranian, Andronovo predecessor)
Fortified Bronze Age proto-town (c.2100–1800 BCE, Sintashta culture, late Middle Bronze) — type-site for Sintashta–Petrovka–Arkaim 'Country of Towns' (20 fortified settlements).
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Apteka Bank Shoal — Submerged Settlement North (Azov)
Bronze Age to Classical (2000 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze–Iron Age maritime
Apteka Bank Shoal — Submerged Settlement North (Azov) in Krasnodar, Temryuk, Apteka Bank, Russia is a Bronze Age to Classical (2000 BCE–500 CE) submerged c…
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Sukhaya Termista — Catacomb Culture Kurgan Field
Late Yamnaya → Catacomb → Srubnaya · Yamnaya → Catacomb Grave culture → Srubnaya (Timber Grave)
Kalmyk steppe Catacomb Grave kurgans (2800–2200 BCE) with shaft-and-niche chambers cut into Yamnaya mounds — post-Yamnaya chariot horizon and ‘caterpillar’ pottery.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Pokrovka — Srubnaya (Timber Grave) Cemetery
Late Bronze Age; Srubnaya post-Catacomb · Catacomb → Srubnaya (Timber Grave) → Andronovo influence
Ilek River Srubnaya cemetery (1800–1200 BCE) with timber-framed ‘srub’ grave chambers, grooved pottery and Late Bronze steppe pastoral expansion.
🇷🇺 Russia · Ancient city
Arkaim
Early Andronovo / Sintashta · Sintashta (Indo-Iranian)
Sintashta fortified proto-city (c.2150–1650 BCE) — swastika-shaped double-ring settlement 170 m diameter, 60 houses sharing wall, metallurgical furnaces in each house (copper and bronze), two…
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Samara Culture (Sokol Povolzhye Sites)
Neolithic–Eneolithic; Samara forager to stock-herder · Samara culture (Volga Neolithic) → Khvalynsk → Yamnaya
Volga Neolithic Samara type sites (5500–4800 BCE) — pit-house villages and Mariupol cemeteries on Sokol bend, defining early steppe pottery and forager transition.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Pazyryk — Kurgan 5 Ancillary Horse Burial (Altai)
Bronze to Iron Age (2500–300 BCE) · Scythian / Saka
Pazyryk — Kurgan 5 Ancillary Horse Burial (Altai) in Altai Republic, Pazyryk, Russia is a Bronze to Iron Age (2500–300 BCE) kurgan attributed to Scythian /…
🇷🇺 Russia · Megalith
Great Salbyk Kurgan
Tagar culture, Scythian (~800–200 BCE; Salbyk 500 BCE) · Tagar (Scythian-Siberian, Khakass steppe)
So-called Siberian Stonehenge: a 71-m square enclosure of standing Devonian sandstone slabs weighing up to 50 tonnes enclosing a truncated pyramid kurgan 12 m high.
🇷🇺 Russia · Hillfort
Mesa Verde Cold Storage Pit South — South Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)
Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) · Local Neolithic
Mesa Verde Cold Storage Pit South in South Siberia, Russia is a Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) hillfort attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Hillfort
Ustyurt Plateau Arrow Kite East
Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) · Bronze Age
Ustyurt Plateau Arrow Kite East in South Siberia, Russia is a Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) hillfort attributed to Bronze Age culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Kalbak-Tash Chuya Confluence — Katun Mouth Petroglyphs
Neolithic to Turkic to Historic (3000 BCE – 1900 CE) · Afanasievo to Karakol to Turkic to Russian surveyors
Confluence outcrops with elk and runic at sacred Two Rivers junction.
🇷🇺 Russia · Geoglyph
Steppe Kite Desert Gate East — South Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Classical
Steppe Kite Desert Gate East in South Siberia, Russia is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) geoglyph attributed to Classical culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Geoglyph
Alta Trail Carving East
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Medieval
Alta Trail Carving East in South Siberia, Russia is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) geoglyph attributed to Medieval culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Kalbak-Tash II Yaloman Central Panel
Bronze Age to Early Medieval · Andronovo, Saka, Turkic
Central Yaloman terrace 200 m above Chuya at 723 km tract, a 40-m-wide sandstone cliff with 180 peckings of Kalgutinsky elk, Saka deer-masks and Turkic horsemen.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Kalbak-Tash II Yaloman South Rock
Bronze Age to Early Medieval · Andronovo, Saka, Turkic
South-facing Yaloman cliff 5 km west of Kalbak-Tash main, with Andronovo two-spoked chariots and 12 Turkic tamga slabs overlaying earlier elk.