🇮🇹 Italy · Megalith
Nuraghe Santu Antine Torralba — Great Tower
Bronze Age Nuragic (1600–1100 BCE) · Nuragic
Sardinia's 'Sardinian palace' excavated by Taramelli 1933–38, restored 3-storey keep with corbel vault and concentric corridor bastion.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Quoyness Chambered Cairn Sanday
Neolithic (c.2900 BCE) · Maes Howe tradition
Finest Maes Howe-type cairn on Sanday, excavated 1867, with six side chambers off central cell and cross-shaped plan, near beach dunes.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Megalith
Karahan Tepe — T-Pillar Hall with Human Statue
PPN (9600–8600 BCE) · Göbeklian
Tek Tek pillar site excavated since 2019, part of 12-site Taş Tepeler, yielding giant human figure holding phallus and vulture pillar.
🇫🇷 France · Earthwork
Mont Lassois — Vix Princely Tomb Hillfort
Hallstatt D (550–450 BCE) · Hallstatt Celtic (Vix princess)
Châtillonnais hillfort famous for Vix princess tomb 1953, largest Greek bronze krater (1100 L), gold torc 480 g, excavated by Joffroy.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Hawara Pyramid — Amenemhat III Labyrinth Site
Middle Kingdom Amenemhat III (1855–1808 BCE) + Labyrinth temple Herodotus description · 12th Dynasty (Hawara)
Hawara excavated by Petrie 1888–89, Labyrinth lost Herodotus-Strabonic description, quartzite chamber with 110 t lid lowered on sand.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Harran — First Islamic University Excavation Trench
Eblaite to Ottoman; University 8th–12th c. CE · Umayyad / Abbasid (Harran School)
Plain city excavated by Lloyd & Brice 1951–56 and recent Harran University, birthplace of al-Battani, Sabian moon temple underlying.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Bi'a — Tuttul Palace Terrace
Early Bronze III to Old Babylonian (2600–1700 BCE) · Eblaite / Amorite Mariote
Bi'a excavated by Einwag & Otto 1981–, 2400 BCE Early Dynastic palace with Tuttul/Dagan texts, later Amorite palace of Yasmah-Adad.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Hasankeyf — New Town Rock-Cut Tombs (Old Town Roman Bridge Foot)
Roman to Artuqid (200 BCE–1400 CE); tombs Roman · Roman / Artuqid
Tigris cliff town rescue excavations 2000–19, Roman tombs and Artuqid palaces now under Ilısu Lake with relocated Zeynel Bey tomb.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Aswad — Pre-Pottery Neolithic Skull Building
PPNB (8700–7500 BCE) · PPNB (Aswadian)
Damascus oasis village excavated by de Contenson 1960s–2008, oldest plastered skulls with wheat/barley and domestication evidence.
🇫🇷 France · Megalith
Table des Marchands — Locmariaquer Passage Grave
Neolithic (4000–3500 BCE) · Morbihan megalithic
Flagship Morbihan passage grave, capstone once part of broken Grand Menhir of Er Grah, decorated with hook and hatchet carvings.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Qaramel — Pre-Pottery Neolithic Tower
PPNA to Early PPNB (10900–9500 BCE) · Pre-Pottery Neolithic A / Qaramelinian
Qaramel excavated by Mazurowski 1999–, oldest towers in Syria, PPNA round houses with skull cult and lithics older than Jericho.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Aizanoi — Zeus Temple and Penkalas Bridge Complex
Roman Imperial (92 CE temple; bridge 250 CE) · Phrygian → Roman Imperial
Kütahya Roman city excavated by Naumann 1930–, best preserved Zeus temple in Anatolia, copy of Diocletian's Price Edict 301 CE.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Megalith
Knowth Annex — Kerbstone K13 North Mound Art
Late Neolithic (3200 BCE) · Boyne art tradition
Knowth satellite mound N, decorated K13 excavated by Eogan, with classic Boyne passage-art facing Newgrange at winter solstice.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
Los Millares Chalcolithic Walled Town
Chalcolithic (3200–2200 BCE) · Los Millares (Iberian Chalcolithic)
Almería's Copper Age capital excavated by L. Siret 1891, with 13 hill forts, 80 tholos tombs with eye-idols and copper tools.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Patara — Harbour Assembly Hall and Lighthouse
Lycian League (168 BCE) to Roman (64 BCE+) · Lycian → Roman
Gelemiş harbour city excavated by Işık & Koçak, oldest lighthouse (Nero 64 CE), League inscription hall, sand-buried harbour.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Wideford Hill Chambered Cairn Mainland Orkney
Neolithic (c.3500 BCE) · Orcadian Neolithic
Hilltop cairn excavated 1849 and later by G. Petrie, with three concentric wall faces and intact chamber below moorland peat.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Earthwork
Hambledon Hill Causewayed Enclosure Dorset
Early Neolithic (3700–3400 BCE) · Early Neolithic
Dorset's flagship causewayed enclosure excavated by Mercer 1974–86, with human skull deposits and later Stepleton enclosure.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Clava Cairns — Balnuaran Central Ring Cairn
Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) · Clava Cairns / Beaker
Inverness's classic Clava group excavated by Piggott 1952–53, midwinter sunset aligns down passage, Balnuaran has 3 cairns.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Megalith
Göbekli Tepe — Enclosure F Twin Pillars
Pre-Pottery Neolithic (9600–8200 BCE) · PPN hunter-gatherer (Göbeklian)
Germuş hill excavated by Schmidt 1995–, 20 enclosures with T-pillars and animal reliefs,intentionally backfilled 8200 BCE.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Khamis — Euphrates Fortified Hamlet
Late Uruk to Early Bronze (3400–2400 BCE) · Late Uruk / Early Syrian
Bi'a hinterland mound excavated alongside Tuttul project, yielding Uruk contact ceramics and Early Bronze village phasing.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Ancient village
Skara Brae Boundary Wall Extension — Bay of Skaill Middens
Late Neolithic (3180–2500 BCE) · Grooved Ware Orkney
Skara extension excavated by Clarke 1928–30 and recent erosion exposures, middens with pottery, bone tools and dyke wall.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Brak — Eye Temple Terrace
Uruk (3800–3200 BCE) temple; city 4200 BCE · Northern Uruk / Ninevite 5
Tell Brak excavated by Mallowan 1930s and Oates 1976–, Eye Temple with thousands of Eye Idols, proto-Zagros trade centre.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Gran Pajatén — Chachapoya Mosaic Round Houses
Chachapoya late (1300–1470 CE) · Chachapoya later Inca fringe
Abiseo Gran Pajatén discovered by Savoy 1963, excavated 1985, mosaic fretwork with human heads, UNESCO 1990 Rio Abiseo.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Hamoukar — Battle Collapse Burn Layer
Late Chalcolithic (4500–3500 BCE) + Early Bronze · Late Chalcolithic Jazira (Hamoukar) → Southern Uruk intrusion
Hamoukar excavated by Gibson & Reichel 1999–, earliest urban battle c.3500 BCE, sling bullets and southern Uruk colony.