🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Musti (Mustis)
Punic to Late Antiquity (4th c BCE–7th c CE; peak 2nd–3rd c CE) · Punic-Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
15-ha Punic–Numidian to Roman colonia on Carthage–Theveste road with three arches and Byzantine fortress.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Anavarza (Anazarbus) and Castle
Hellenistic to medieval (c.100 BCE–1375 CE) · Cappadocian → Roman → Byzantine → Armenian → Mamluk
Cilician metropolis beneath triple-ward Armenian castle on limestone ridge with stadium and triumphal arch.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Herakleia ad Latmos — Athena Temple on Granos Hill
Hellenistic · Hekatomnid Carian, Hellenistic
Lake Bafa gneiss city with 6.5-km Hellenistic walls and 3rd BCE Athena temple above Endymion grotto.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient city
Pumapungo – Tomebamba
Late Horizon Inca (c.1470–1532 CE) – Cañari antecedents · Inca (Tupaq Yupanki – Wayna Qhapaq) over Cañari
Pumapungo is the Inca palace-garden quarter of Tomebamba, Wayna Qhapaq's planned northern capital in modern Cuenca at 2,550 m.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Adam
Vidarbha Iron Age 800–300 BCE → Maurya 300–187 → Satavahana 187 BCE–220 CE → Vakataka 250–300 CE · Vidarbha megalithic–Iron (Black-and-red) → Satavahana
Vidarbha Iron Age iron-smelting town (800 BCE–300 CE) near Nagpur — earliest tuyere smelting and Indo-Roman rouletted ware with 22 coin hoards.
🇨🇳 China · Ancient city
Shijiahe
Qujialing → Shijiahe 2600–2300 BCE (Jianghan Late Neolithic) → Meishan · Shijiahe culture (Middle Yangzi walled city)
Jianghan Plain walled mega-town (c.3000–2300 BCE, Shijiahe culture 2600–2300 BCE climax) northwest of Tianmen — 120 ha walled enclosure (1.2 km wall of rammed earth, moat) with inner palace 7 ha,…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Meydancıkkale (Kirshu)
Iron Age to Hellenistic (c.800–100 BCE) · Neo-Assyrian → Neo-Babylonian → Achaemenid
Babylonian-Persian mountain fortress Kirshu on Taurus spur with palace terraces and 30 m tunnel.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Toniná
Classic – Early Postclassic (c.100–900 CE) Western Maya frontier, Tzeltal Popo · Maya (Western Tzeltal – Popo dynasty)
Toniná (Tzeltal Popo, house of stone) dominates the Jataté tributary ridge 13 km east of Ocosingo, Chiapas, at 860 m, forming the most dramatic Maya acropolis: seven stepped terraces climb 71 m above…
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Temple complex
Banteay Chhmar Temple
Angkorian Bayon period 1181–1218 CE (Mahayana Buddhist imperial) · Khmer (Angkorian Mahayana Buddhist)
Vast Jayavarman VII Buddhist–Hindu temple city (c.1181–1218 CE) in Banteay Meanchey — 9 km² walled complex (outer laterite wall 1.9×1.7 km) enclosing 4.6 ha central temple with enigmatic Bayon-style…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Hadrumetum (Sousse)
Phoenician to Ottoman (1100 BCE–16th c; peak 2nd–4th c) · Phoenician / Punic / Roman / Early Christian / Islamic
Phoenician-tradition colonia under Sousse medina with 5.5 km catacombs, Virgil mosaic and Byzantine kasbah.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Yaxchilan
Late Classic (c.400–900 CE) Usumacinta kingdom · Maya (Usumacinta – Pacal's rival)
Yaxchilan (ancient Pa' Chan, cleft sky) crowns a horseshoe meander of the Usumacinta in Chiapas at 120 m, 35 km by river from Frontera Corozal.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Haidra (Ammaedara)
Bronze Age to Byzantine (legionary 1st–2nd c; civil to 7th c) · Berber / Roman / Byzantine; dolmens Berber
Frontier legion fortress 14 CE of Legio III Augusta with Byzantine mega-fort and 100+ Bronze Age haouanet dolmens on hills.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Temple complex
San Gervasio Cozumel
Postclassic (c.1200–1521 CE) Late Postclassic Cozumel–Mayapan league · Maya (East Coast – Cozumel)
San Gervasio (Tantún Cuzamil) is Cozumel island's paramount Late Postclassic pilgrimage capital at 15 m interior, 7 km west of San Miguel, Quintana Roo.
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Ancient city
Danamombe (Dhlo-Dhlo)
Zimbabwe Culture Period V (Khami-Rozvi transition 1693–1830) · Rozvi (Karanga-Changamire) / Kalanga
Rozvi Changamire capital 1693–1830 with quartzite coursed walls 6 m and Portuguese majolica within 8 ha enclosure.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Berkut-Kala
Kushan (100 BCE–300 CE) → Afrighid Khwarazm (400–800 CE) → abandon desertification · Khwarazmian (Kushan–Afrighid) with Bactrian influence
Kushan–Afrighid desert fortress town (c.100 BCE–800 CE) in the Berkut-Kala oasis on the northern Amu Darya delta near Ellikkala — 8 ha square fortified palace with 2 km wall (Afrighid Khwarazmian)…
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Pyramid
Cochasquí South Platform
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (c.1250–1534 CE) Cara – Quitu – Inca · Cara–Quitu (Cochasquí–Cayambe)
The Cochasquí South Platform (Pyramid 13 South) is the southernmost of the famed 15 Cochasquí ramp-pyramids on the Mojanda volcano plateau above Tocachi, Pichincha, at 3,100 m on the Inca takeover…
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Topoxte
Late Postclassic – Contact (c.1200–1530 CE) Kowoj Maya · Maya (Kowoj – Late Postclassic Petén)
Topoxte crowns the largest island (450m) in Lake Yaxha, Petén, at 180 m. After surrounding Classic cities fell, Postclassic Kowoj Maya refortified the island c.1200 CE with a rubble rampart (400m)…
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient village
Upano — Kilimope Southern Platform at Sangay Valley South (Upano South)
Formative to Regional Development (500 BCE – 600 CE) · Upano (Kilamope–Sangay) / Huapula
Southern platform village of Upano at Sangay South — 8 platforms 40×25 m and 600 m causeway.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Alinda Temple of Apollo — Karpuzlu Hilltop Agora
Hekatomnid to Hellenistic · Hekatomnid Carian, Hellenistic
Karpuzlu 350-m hilltop with 2-column Apollo prostylos and 3-km Hekatomnid walls, Queen Ada's refuge 340 BCE.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Antinopolis (Antinoë)
Roman to Early Islamic (130–800 CE) · Roman / Greek / Egyptian
130 CE Hadrian-planned city for Antinous with 300-m hippodrome, triumphal arch and North Cemetery mummy portraits.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Notion (Notium) — Temple of Apollo at Claros Outpost
Classical to Late Antiquity (500 BCE – 600 CE) · Aeolian Greek (Kolophonian) and Roman
Kolophon harbour city with Doric Apollo temple facing mother city.
🇲🇩 Moldova · Ancient city
Petreni
Chalcolithic Cucuteni-Trypillia BII (4000–3650 BCE) · Cucuteni-Trypillia (Moldovan BII, Petreni variant)
Petreni (Petreny) — Cucuteni-Trypillia BII mega-settlement (c.4000–3650 BCE, 30 ha, 500+ houses) on Cubolta terrace between Petreni and Sofia, Drochia District, northern Moldova.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Tell
Tell al-'Ubaid (Tell el-Ubaid)
Ubaid to Ur III (6500–2000 BCE; peak Ubaid 5500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid (southern Mesopotamian) → Uruk → Early Dynastic → Ur III
Type-site of the Ubaid period — low mound with tripartite temples and ophidian figurines.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Coptos – Wadi Hammamat Desert Harbour Road, Qift
Predynastic to Medieval (4500 BCE – 1200 CE) · Egyptian / Ptolemaic / Roman / Eastern Desert
Nile gate to Red Sea — Min temple 300x150 m with Wadi Hammamat harbour 300x100 m for Myos Hormos elephant caravans.