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🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Earthwork
Iron Age (600 BCE–43 CE) · Durotriges
Dorset's type-site excavated by Wheeler 1934–37, war cemetery 52 burials from Vespasian's 43 CE siege, Neolithic causewayed enclosure underlying.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
Chalcolithic (3000–1700 BCE) · Vila Nova de São Pedro / Bell Beaker
Lisbon's type-site of Copper Age fortification excavated by E. Sangmeister 1964–, with Beaker pottery, copper smelting and Atlantic trade links.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Early Neolithic · Orcadian Neolithic
Rousay hillside cairn excavated by Callander & Grant 1934, yielding 29 individuals and Unstan Ware; managed by Historic Environment Scotland.
🇩🇪 Germany · Earthwork
Hallstatt (600–400 BCE) · Hallstatt Celtic princely seat
Danube's Heuneburg excavated by Kimmig 1950–, mudbrick Mediterranean-style wall unique north of Alps, rich tumuli like Hohmichele nearby.
🇵🇪 Peru · Temple complex
Moche (100–650 CE) and later Chimú cemetery · Moche (Mochica) then Chimú
Cerro Blanco Moche excavated by Uceda & Tufinio 1991–, north wall 60 m relief of war-god, decapitador and prisoner sacrifice plaza 100 m.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Mid Neolithic (3450–2800 BCE) · Unstan Ware
Loch of Stenness-shore cairn excavated by Clouston 1884, style-site for Unstan pottery, yielding crouched burials and Grooved Ware later.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Neolithic (c.3000 BCE) · Orcadian Neolithic
Well-preserved hill-slope cairn with low crawl entrance, excavated 1901 yielding eight human skulls and dog burials, above Bay of Firth.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Ancient village
Early Neolithic (3700–3500 BCE) · Orcadian Neolithic
Papa's famous early houses excavated by Traill & Kirkness 1929–30, dated 3700 BCE, older than Skara Brae, preserved under machair dunes.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
El Argar Bronze Age (2200–1550 BCE) · El Argar
Totana hill city excavated by Lull & Micó since 2009, type-site of Argaric urbanism, with fortified acropolis and extramural cemeteries.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Neolithic (c.3250 BCE) · Orcadian Grooved Ware
Mainland Orkney cairn excavated by Renfrew 1972–74, yielding 157 adults and children, dated to Early Neolithic with Grooved Ware sherds.
🇮🇹 Italy · Megalith
Bronze Age Nuragic (1600–1100 BCE) · Nuragic
Sardinia's 'Sardinian palace' excavated by Taramelli 1933–38, restored 3-storey keep with corbel vault and concentric corridor bastion.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Neolithic (c.2900 BCE) · Maes Howe tradition
Finest Maes Howe-type cairn on Sanday, excavated 1867, with six side chambers off central cell and cross-shaped plan, near beach dunes.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Megalith
PPN (9600–8600 BCE) · Göbeklian
Tek Tek pillar site excavated since 2019, part of 12-site Taş Tepeler, yielding giant human figure holding phallus and vulture pillar.
🇫🇷 France · Earthwork
Hallstatt D (550–450 BCE) · Hallstatt Celtic (Vix princess)
Châtillonnais hillfort famous for Vix princess tomb 1953, largest Greek bronze krater (1100 L), gold torc 480 g, excavated by Joffroy.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Middle Kingdom Amenemhat III (1855–1808 BCE) + Labyrinth temple Herodotus description · 12th Dynasty (Hawara)
Hawara excavated by Petrie 1888–89, Labyrinth lost Herodotus-Strabonic description, quartzite chamber with 110 t lid lowered on sand.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Eblaite to Ottoman; University 8th–12th c. CE · Umayyad / Abbasid (Harran School)
Plain city excavated by Lloyd & Brice 1951–56 and recent Harran University, birthplace of al-Battani, Sabian moon temple underlying.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Roman to Artuqid (200 BCE–1400 CE); tombs Roman · Roman / Artuqid
Tigris cliff town rescue excavations 2000–19, Roman tombs and Artuqid palaces now under Ilısu Lake with relocated Zeynel Bey tomb.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
PPNB (8700–7500 BCE) · PPNB (Aswadian)
Damascus oasis village excavated by de Contenson 1960s–2008, oldest plastered skulls with wheat/barley and domestication evidence.
🇫🇷 France · Megalith
Neolithic (4000–3500 BCE) · Morbihan megalithic
Flagship Morbihan passage grave, capstone once part of broken Grand Menhir of Er Grah, decorated with hook and hatchet carvings.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
PPNA to Early PPNB (10900–9500 BCE) · Pre-Pottery Neolithic A / Qaramelinian
Qaramel excavated by Mazurowski 1999–, oldest towers in Syria, PPNA round houses with skull cult and lithics older than Jericho.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Roman Imperial (92 CE temple; bridge 250 CE) · Phrygian → Roman Imperial
Kütahya Roman city excavated by Naumann 1930–, best preserved Zeus temple in Anatolia, copy of Diocletian's Price Edict 301 CE.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Lycian League (168 BCE) to Roman (64 BCE+) · Lycian → Roman
Gelemiş harbour city excavated by Işık & Koçak, oldest lighthouse (Nero 64 CE), League inscription hall, sand-buried harbour.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Neolithic (c.3500 BCE) · Orcadian Neolithic
Hilltop cairn excavated 1849 and later by G. Petrie, with three concentric wall faces and intact chamber below moorland peat.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Earthwork
Early Neolithic (3700–3400 BCE) · Early Neolithic
Dorset's flagship causewayed enclosure excavated by Mercer 1974–86, with human skull deposits and later Stepleton enclosure.
