🇴🇲 Oman · Hydraulic works
Aflaj al-Ain Nizwa Branch — Daudi Falaj Highland Channel
Sasanian to Islamic · Omani, Sasanian Persian, Ibadi
Nizwa Daudi mother well 30 m with 8-km tunnel and shari'a sharing basin, UNESCO aflaj highland branch.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Sadd el-Arim Secondary Dam — Marib North Spillway
South Arabian (Sabaean to Himyaritic) · Sabaean Saba and Himyarite
Marib north secondary 750-m earthen with Almaqah sluice temple 50 musnad inscriptions, Sabaean 750 BCE spillway.
🇨🇳 China · Hydraulic works
Dujiangyan Irrigation System
Warring States, Qin to Qing continuous · Qin state engineers under Li Bing (later successive dynasties maintenance)
256 BCE Qin weir still irrigating 5,300 km²—world's oldest dam-less hydraulic system.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
Tartessos and Doñana – Western Atlantis Hypothesis
Late Bronze to Iron Age Tartessian (1200–550 BCE collapse) · Iberian Tartessian with Phoenician Tartessos emporion + Greek
Arganthonios's Tartessian kingdom Guadalquivir — Doñana marsh 'rings' claimed Atlantis 2011, disproved as salinas.
🇪🇸 Spain · Rock art
Albarracín Rock Art — Pinsapar and Prado del Navazo
Epipalaeolithic to Iberian (8000 BCE – 500 CE) · Epipalaeolithic hunters, Neolithic, Chalcolithic Schematic, Iberian
Aragon pine forest 22 shelters Levantine white archers and schematic bull 6 ka BCE–Iberian, UNESCO 874.
🇪🇸 Spain · Rock art
Siega Verde Rock Engravings – Águeda River
Upper Palaeolithic (Solutrean–Magdalenian) · Solutrean–Magdalenian hunter-gatherers of western Iberia
443 Palaeolithic figures on Águeda schist—UNESCO trans-frontier extension of Côa Valley (20–10k BCE).
🇴🇲 Oman · Hydraulic works
Buraimi Aflaj System (Oman-UAE Border Oasis)
Iron Age to Modern (Hafit to Islamic) · Hajar oasis (Magan to Islamic)
Cross-border aflaj network (320 m, 24°15′N 55°45′E Buraimi) extending the UNESCO Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman (1207, 2006) from Nizwa-Sharqiyah to the Hajar-Buraimi piedmont.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Dougga (Thugga)
Numidian to Byzantine (6th c BCE–6th c CE; peak 2nd–3rd c CE) · Numidian / Carthaginian / Roman / Byzantine
Hilltop Numidian–Roman city covering 70 ha, Dougga is Tunisia's best-preserved Roman town with Capitol, theatre, Ataban mausoleum and Punic sanctuary.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Kizil Caves — Western Valley Extension (Western Kizil)
Early Medieval Central Asian (Tocharian B) · Tocharian Buddhist (Kucha Kingdom) with Gandhara influence
Kucha Tocharian western 42-cave valley 400–700 CE diamond ceilings and lapis blue, German-removal archive.
🇲🇱 Mali · Temple complex
Gao – Tomb of Askia
Medieval Songhai (9th–17th c; peak Imperial 1464–1591) · Songhai / Tuareg (Songhai Empire)
Songhai Empire capital's 17 m pyramidal earthen tomb of Askia Mohammad I (1495) east-bank Niger assembly ground.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Hampi Aqueduct and Tungabhadra Hydraulic System
Medieval Indian (Vijayanagara Empire) · Vijayanagara Hindu imperial (Telugu–Kannada)
Vijayanagara 5-km aqueduct with 19 tanks and stepped pushkarani feeding 500k city 14th–16th c.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Tsagaan Salaa — White Pass Rock Paintings
Neolithic to Mongol Empire (6000 BCE – 1300 CE) · Neolithic Altai, Afanasievo, Chemurchek, Karasuk, Pazyryk, Xiongnu, Turkic, Mongol
Mongolian Altai UNESCO high valley 10,000 images 6 ka BCE–Mongol at 2850 m.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock art
Valcamonica Rock Engravings – Naquane National Park
Epipalaeolithic to modern with Iron Age peak · Camunni (Rhaetic-adjacent Alpine) and predecessors
140,000 figures on 2,000 Alpine slabs—world's densest European rock art valley (UNESCO 1979 No.1 Italy).
🇨🇳 China · Rock art
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape
Bronze Age to Eastern Han (Warring States 400 BCE – Han) · Luoyue (proto-Zhuang Baiyue)
Guangxi karst cliffs 38 panels 1900 frog-shaman figures 5th c. BCE–2nd c. CE, UNESCO 1508.
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Timbuktu (Sankore, Djingareyber & Sidi Yahya)
Medieval Sudanic (11th–17th c; peak 14th–16th c under Mali-Songhai) · Tuareg / Soninke / Malinke / Songhai / Berber / Moroccan (Arma)
Scholar caravan metropolis on Niger Bend with three 14th-c earthen Sudano-Sahelian mosques and 600,000-manuscript university Sankore.
🇨🇳 China · Hydraulic works
Turpan Karez Extension (Flaming Mountains North Piedmont)
Imperial Chinese (Ming-Qing) on Han antecedent · Turpan Uyghur / Han frontier
Eastern extension (30 m asl, 42°57′04″N 89°11′22″E Turpan municipal 42.9512,89.1895; Flaming Mountains 100 km E-W 42.98,89.20 500-850 m) of Turpan-Hami Silk Road karez water system UNESCO 1442 Silk…
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock art
Jubbah Rock Art – Jebel Umm Sinman
Holocene: Neolithic to Bronze Age to Thamudic · Successive Arabian Holocene cultures (hunter-herder to caravaneer)
10,000-year petroglyph palimpsest at Jebel Umm Sinman—UNESCO rock art on a vanished lake shore.
🇨🇳 China · Hydraulic works
Sui Xingjin (Xing Jin) Canal — Zhengzhou Segment
Sui to Song (605–1080) · Sui–Tang Imperial (Yang Guang–Li Shimin)
Sui Grand Canal western 40-m prism 605 CE with Tongji wharf and Huiluo Barn harbour, Grand Canal type section.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Longmen West Hillside Grottoes — Luoyang Yi River West Cliffs
Northern Wei to Song · Northern Wei, Sui, Tang cosmopolitan
Luoyang west bank core with Guyang 493 earliest cave 800 inscriptions and Binyang pagoda, Northern Wei–Tang.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Qanat-e Gonabad South Gallery (Ghasemabad South Branch Qanat)
Achaemenid to present (520 BCE–ongoing) · Achaemenid Gonabad oasis (Khorasan piedmont)
South Gonabad gallery 4.1 km with 62 shafts 42 m mother well: Achaemenid 520 BCE saruj, 12 L/s to Ghasemabad saffron.
🇪🇸 Spain · Rock art
Valltorta — Cova dels Cavalls and Culture Park
Mesolithic to Chalcolithic (7000–2000 BCE) · Mesolithic Levantine hunters then Neolithic Schematic farmers
Levantine type site Cova dels Cavalls 57 deer-archer frieze 7000–3500 BCE, UNESCO 874 origin.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Rock art
Wadi Rum Petroglyphs and Thamudic Inscriptions
Neolithic to Islamic (Thamudic–Nabataean–Islamic) · Neolithic pastoralists, Thamudic tribes, Nabataean caravan masters, early Arabs
Wadi Rum desert cliffs with 25,000 petroglyphs and Thamudic texts, UNESCO landscape.
🇲🇱 Mali · Archaeological wonder
Bandiagara Escarpment (Land of the Dogon)
Iron Age to Living (700 BCE–present) · Toloy / Tellem / Dogon
150-km 400-m cliff with 700 Tellem caves 11th–16th c, granaries, Dogon villages and Toloy archaeology.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock art
Shuwaymis Rock Art – Jebel al-Manjor
Early Holocene humid to Bronze/Thamudic arid · Neolithic hunter-herders to Thamudic caravaneers
UNESCO escarpment with 300 panels—lions on leashed dogs and savanna fauna from Arabia's humid phase.