🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Geoglyph
Al-Ghat Mustatil Field – Najd Plateau
Late Neolithic · Central Najd Neolithic pastoralists
29 Najd mustatil platforms (4900–4200 BCE) — easternmost Saudi rectangular ritual field.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Ancient city
Gò Tháp (Óc Eo–Funan Center)
Funan 2nd–6th c CE → Chenla 6th–9th c → Khmer 9th–12th c · Funan Óc Eo (Mekong Delta) → Chenla → Khmer
Gò Tháp — Funan (Óc Eo culture) port-city centre (2nd–12th c CE) 25 km north Cao Lanh, Thap Muoi Mekong floodplain, excavated 1998–2010s Le Xuan Diem and DAA.
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Ancient city
Navkat (Krasnaya Rechka)
Sogdian → Western Turkic → Karakhanid 6–12 c. CE · Sogdian–Turkic (Silk Road Sogdian colony, Nestorian–Buddhist)
Major Sogdian–Turkic Silk Road city (c.6–12 c. CE) at Krasnaya Rechka village in the Chu Valley — 45 ha shahristan (700×550 m, walls 10 m high), Buddhist monastery 30×25 m with 5 m Buddha,…
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Paithan (Ancient Pratishthana)
Satavahana 2nd c BCE–2nd c CE → Vakataka → Yadava · Satavahana Deccan urban (Godavari)
Paithan (ancient Pratishthana) — Satavahana capital (2nd c BCE–2nd c CE) on Godavari 56 km south Aurangabad, excavated 1970s by Allchin and 1990s Sontheimer.
🇸🇾 Syria · Pyramid
Tell Beydar Mound — Nagar Nasiriyah
Early Bronze Age, Early Dynastic III (2600–2350 BCE) · Early Dynastic Sumerian (Nabada, Khabur)
Tell Beydar Mound — Nagar Nasiriyah in Al-Hasakah Governorate, Khabur (ancient Nabada), Syria is a Early Bronze Age, Early Dynastic III (2600–2350 BCE) pyramid/mound site attributed to Early Dynastic…
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Tell
Varvarovka 8 (Usatovo)
Late Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Tripolye C2 → Usatovo (c.3500–3200 BCE) → Early Yamnaya fringe · Late Trypillia C2 → Usatovo (Post-Trypillia) steppe–farming synthesis → Early Yamnaya infiltration
Usatovo village–kurgan cemetery (c.3500–3200 BCE) on liman — Trypillia→Yamnaya bridge with stelae and copper (Petrenko).
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Zinchecra
Iron Age Saharan (900 BCE–200 CE) · Proto-Garamantian / Garamantian
80-m black-capped mesa hillfort 900–400 BCE pre-Garamantian stone rampart enclosing 2-ha citadel.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Aspero
Late Archaic (3000 – 1800 BCE) · Caral-Supe
Aspero in Lima, Peru is a Late Archaic (3000 – 1800 BCE) ancient city attributed to Caral-Supe culture.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Dalverzin Tepe Surkhandarya
Greco-Bactrian 3rd c BCE → Kushan 1st–3rd c CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan Bactria
Dalverzin Tepe Surkhandarya — Greco-Bactrian → Kushan fortified city (3rd c BCE–3rd c CE) on Surkhandarya plain 30 km NE Denau, excavated 1960s–80s by G.A. Pugachenkova and Turgunov (Uzbek).
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Khirbet Iskander
EB III through EB IV/Intermediate Bronze (c.2500–2000 BCE) with EBA predecessor and MB I squatter · EB III Canaanite → EB IV transitional (Intermediate Bronze) highland town
Fortified EB IV town (c.2500–2000 BCE) with double walls — only continuous EBA III→EB IV survival above 4.2kya collapse (Richard).
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Tang-e Boraq Aqueduct (Boraq Gorge Cliff Aqueduct)
Sasanian to Kakuyid (450 CE, repaired 1050 CE) · Sasanian Zagros (Eqlid terrace farmers)
Tang-e Boraq: 420-m Sasanian 450 CE cliff aqueduct in 85-m Zagros gorge, Eqlid 30.55N 52.32E.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Amnisos – Minoan Harbour of Knossos
Minoan to Byzantine (c. 2000 BCE – 6th c. CE) · Minoan / Mycenaean / Greek
Knossos' Minoan harbour at Amnisos — villa frescoes and 70 m quay now –1 to –3 m in surf below Eileithyia cave.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Bayan-Ula Khirigsuur & Deer Stone Valley – Khentii
Late Bronze to Early Iron · Deer Stone–Khirigsuur / Ulaanzuukh
45 khirigsuurs + 9 deer stones (1350–750 BCE) in Khentii sacred valley — double satellite circles.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Bu Njem (Gholaia)
Severan Roman (201–259 CE) · Roman
201 CE polygonal limes fort 138 m with 146 wax tablets and ostraca archive documenting Legio III vicus.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient village
Chechar
Neolithic–Chalcolithic Narhan (2000–1300) → Early Historic NBPW (700–300 BCE) · Narhan–Chechar Middle Ganga Chalcolithic → Mauryan
Early Ganga Neolithic–Chalcolithic hamlet (c.2000–600 BCE) at Chechar–Kutubpur in Vaishali district on the Ganga north bank — excavated 1977–79 by Ranjit Singh and later BHU teams, yielded buried hut…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Chicanná Structure II Pyramid — Bec Valley
Late Classic Maya, c.600-830 CE (Río Bec–Chenés, Late Classic) · Maya (Río Bec–Chenés)
Chicanná (House of Serpent Mouth, Bec Valley, Campeche) Structure II: 4-crown Río Bec pyramid (12 m high) with steep false stair, twin pseudo-temples and central monster-mouth portal (Chenés witz…
🇩🇪 Germany · Megalith
Gudensberg-Maden Grave Field — Schwalm-Eder
Late Neolithic (Wartberg 3400–2800 BCE) · Wartberg
The Gudensberg-Maden cluster, on the basalt Odenberg plateau 15 km south of Kassel, is a Wartberg gallery grave field of at least three known 12–15 m gallery chambers (Maden I–III) and cist graves of…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Meroe North Cemetery Pyramid Field — Begarawiya
Meroitic, c.300 BCE–350 CE (Meroitic Kushite) · Kushite / Meroitic
Meroe North Cemetery at Begarawiya ridge north of Meroe city: 44 steep-sided Meroitic pyramids 8-15 m base, 10-20 m high, with pylon chapels, stelae and offering tables.
🇯🇵 Japan · Tumulus
Mozu Kofun Cluster (Mozu-Furuichi)
Middle–Late Kofun 350–600 CE (Yamato mature) · Yamato Mozu–Furuichi Kofun tradition
Mozu Kofun Cluster — dense kofun cemetery (49 kofun inscribed, 160,000+ total in Japan, 4th–6th c CE) across Mozu and Furuichi plains 10 km south Osaka, excavated 1970s–2019 Shiraishi et al.
🇯🇵 Japan · Ancient village
Nabatake (Saga)
Jomon Final 1000 BCE → Yayoi Incipient 930–600 BCE → Yayoi Early 600 BCE–100 CE · Jomon–Yayoi rice transition (Saga plain)
Japan's earliest rice contender (930–600 BCE) at Nabatake Karatsu — paddy bunds 2×1.5 m with incipient rice and ard-marks vs Itatsuke debate.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Pyramid
Nippur Ekur Ziggurat — Nuffar
Sumerian Ur III to Kassite (2112–1200 BCE) · Sumerian (Ur III, Isin-Larsa, Kassite)
Nippur Ekur Ziggurat — Nuffar in Qadisiyah Governorate, Afak District (ancient Nippur, T. Nuffar), Iraq is a Sumerian Ur III to Kassite (2112–1200 BCE) pyramid/mound site attributed to Sumerian (Ur…
🇵🇪 Peru · Geoglyph
Pampa Colorada Geoglyphs (Caravelí — Ayla Bridge)
Early Intermediate to Middle Horizon (Nazca-Caravelí / Huari) · Nazca-Caravelí desert pampa tradition
Broad, crimson deflation plain (890 m, 15°52′11″S 74°05′23″W per Maplandia 15.8697S 74.0897W) north of the Atico drainage, bearing 30+ linear geoglyphs: 90-310 m cleared lines, 45 m trapezoid, and…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Soleb Temple & Pyramid Field (Amenhotep III)
New Kingdom (18th Dynasty) to Napatan · Egyptian / Kushite
Greatest Nubian temple of Amenhotep III c.1400 BCE at Soleb with 30 small Napatan pyramids and ram avenue south of 3rd Cataract.
🇯🇵 Japan · Tumulus
Teraji
Kofun Middle–Late 400–600 CE (Kibi culture) · Kofun Kibi (Seto Inland-Kibi chiefdom)
Kibi keyhole tumulus (400–600 CE) at Teraji near Soja — 65 m yokoana corridor with Sue ware and Gaya bronze horse gear.