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🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Eblaite to Ottoman; University 8th–12th c. CE · Umayyad / Abbasid (Harran School)
Plain city excavated by Lloyd & Brice 1951–56 and recent Harran University, birthplace of al-Battani, Sabian moon temple underlying.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze III to Old Babylonian (2600–1700 BCE) · Eblaite / Amorite Mariote
Bi'a excavated by Einwag & Otto 1981–, 2400 BCE Early Dynastic palace with Tuttul/Dagan texts, later Amorite palace of Yasmah-Adad.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
PPNB (8700–7500 BCE) · PPNB (Aswadian)
Damascus oasis village excavated by de Contenson 1960s–2008, oldest plastered skulls with wheat/barley and domestication evidence.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
PPNA to Early PPNB (10900–9500 BCE) · Pre-Pottery Neolithic A / Qaramelinian
Qaramel excavated by Mazurowski 1999–, oldest towers in Syria, PPNA round houses with skull cult and lithics older than Jericho.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Late Uruk to Early Bronze (3400–2400 BCE) · Late Uruk / Early Syrian
Bi'a hinterland mound excavated alongside Tuttul project, yielding Uruk contact ceramics and Early Bronze village phasing.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Uruk (3800–3200 BCE) temple; city 4200 BCE · Northern Uruk / Ninevite 5
Tell Brak excavated by Mallowan 1930s and Oates 1976–, Eye Temple with thousands of Eye Idols, proto-Zagros trade centre.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Late Chalcolithic (4500–3500 BCE) + Early Bronze · Late Chalcolithic Jazira (Hamoukar) → Southern Uruk intrusion
Hamoukar excavated by Gibson & Reichel 1999–, earliest urban battle c.3500 BCE, sling bullets and southern Uruk colony.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Late Assyrian (750–610 BCE) · Neo-Assyrian provincial
Harran plain tell excavated by Lloyd & Gökçe 1951–52, yielding 600 tablets including Gilgamesh and astrological omens.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
PPNA (9500–8700 BCE) · Mureybetian PPNA
Euphrates PPNA village excavated by Stordeur 1995–99 rescue, EA30 with wild animal engravings and deliberate burning.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze to Old Babylonian (2600–1700 BCE) · Amorite (Shubat-Enlil)
Weiss excavations 1979–, 4.2 ka BP abrupt arid collapse 2200 BCE evidence and Shamshi-Adad 1800 BCE correspondence.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze to Mitanni (2500–1300 BCE) · Hurrian / Mitanni (Khabur Ware)
Khabur tell excavated by Polish-Syrian 1936 and Bieliński 1996–, Khabur Ware pottery hallmark and equid figurines.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Late Neolithic Halaf-Transitional (6200–5200 BCE) · Halaf-Transitional / Hassuna/Samarra
Balikh tell excavated by Akkermans 1986–2010, Burned Building 6000+ small finds, Halaf-Ubaid transition type-site.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze Age (3000–2200 BCE) · Early Syrian (Kranzhügel)
Chuera excavated by Moortgat 1958–76 and Meyer, rare stone temple on tell, double wall with gates, early palace.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze to Islamic (2900 BCE–1000 CE) · Hurrian (Kahat) → Assyrian Kahat
Kahat excavated by Pecorella 1980–, Ishtar temple with votive plaques and Neo-Assyrian palace of Adad-nirari I.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient village
Neolithic (7000–2500 BCE; Aceramic 7000 BCE, Ceramic 5500 BCE) · Mehrgarh (pre-Harappan)
Bolan Mehrgarh excavated by Jarrige 1974–, 7000 BCE barley/wheat, 32,000 graves, earliest dentistry bow-drill.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
PPN (9300–8500 BCE) · PPN (Upper Tigris)
Siirt mound excavated by Karul 2016–, PPN village with anthropomorphic stele, early wheat and ritual bench.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze to Iron (3000–500 BCE) · Northwest Syrian (Ebla-Mari-Amuq)
Orontes survey and Dornemann 1983–99 deep sounding revealing 5000 years without hiatus to Early Bronze.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Neo-Assyrian (9th c. BCE bilingual: Assyrian/Aramaic) · Aramaean Bit Bahiani → Assyrian
Head of Khabur tell excavated by Moortgat 1955–56 and recent Syrian, statue bilingual published 1982.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
PPNB to Early Halaf (8200–5300 BCE) · PPNB → Halaf (Amuq)
Euphrates village excavated by Molist 1991–, key Halaf transition sequence with painted Ubaid sherds.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
EB III to Arab (2600 BCE–1500 CE) · Early Bronze → Persian → Islamic layered
Shfela type-site excavated by Petrie 1890, Bliss 1891–93 and Fargo, first potsherd dating in Levant.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Early Bronze to Crusader; Philistine peak 1170–830 BCE · Philistine (Gath of Goliath)
Tell es-Safi excavated by Maeir 1996–, Philistine inscription Goliath sherd and Hazael siege system.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Third to Old Babylonian (2600–1700 BCE) · Hurrian (Urkesh)
Khabur excavations by Buccellati 1984–, Hurrian royal archives, stone lions and underworld pit abi.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Philistine (1177–985 BCE Strata XII-X) → Iron II · Philistine port-temple
Yarkon tell excavated by Mazar 1948–50, 1970s, with Philistine Bichrome and later Israelite shrine.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic (5500–3300 BCE) · Ubaid → Uruk Northern variant
Confluence proto-city excavated by Stein 2008–10, Halaf-Ubaid pottery mass and urban street plan.
