🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Eleke Sazy Royal Kurgan
Early Iron Age, Early Saka 8th-5th c. BCE · Early Saka Tarbagatai
680 BCE Early Saka golden warrior kurgan (4,300 golds) in ranked 280-mound cemetery at Eleke Sazy, Tarbagatai.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Korgantas South Ridge Satellite Kurgan (Korgantas South Ridge Cluster)
Korgantas transition (420–340 BCE) Saka to Hun · Korgantas (post-Tasmola) Karkaraly south ridge
4 Korgantas satellites 16–28 m south ridge 890 m with antenna 18 m and side-niche catacomb — Nura watershed sentinels.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Shilikty Satellite Kurgan 8 (Chilikty Golden Ridge Extension)
Early Saka (Arzhan–Chilikty phase) · Early Saka Chilikty group
Satellite retainer mound 4 km from Shilikty Golden Kurgan: 28-m kromlekh with Arzhan-style panther gold.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Arzhan 2 Royal Kurgan
Early Iron Age, pre-Scythian/Al dy-Bel (8th–7th c. BCE) · Aldy-Bel (early Scythian) steppe nomads
Intact 670 BCE Scythian royal grave in Tuva—9,000 gold pieces and 14 horses in a larch chamber.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Sintashta–Arkaim Barrow Graves (Sintashta Cemetery & Arkaim Necropolis)
Middle Bronze Age (Sintashta–Petrovka) · Sintashta (Country of Towns)
40+ Sintashta chariot kurgans (2050–1800 BCE) — earliest spoke-wheeled chariot graves, Indo-Iranian horizon.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Uygarak Kurgan Field (Lower Syr Darya Sakas – Inkardarya Delta)
Early Saka (Uygarak) to Sauromatian · Lower Syr Darya Sakas (Uygarak culture)
Inkardarya delta type-site: 70 low mounds (8-32 m) with standing-stag plaques spanning 300 years.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Shilikty South Rock Overhang Kurgan (Shilikty Southern Granite Overhang Field)
Early Saka Shilikty southern overhang (650–580 BCE) · Saka southern Shilikty granite spur
3 rock-shelter kurgans beneath 12 m granite overhang: talus gneiss chamber 5.8 m spall mound with mirror 18 cm 610 BCE.
🇧🇬 Bulgaria · Archaeological wonder
Varna Necropolis – Chalcolithic Gold Cemetery
Chalcolithic (Copper Age Gumelniţa/Kodzhadermen–Gumelnitsa–Karanovo VI) · Varna culture (Late Copper Age Balkan)
4600 BCE cemetery with 6.5 kg gold—world's earliest large stratified gold treasure (Grave 43 penis sheath).
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Shilikty Central Terrace Kurgan (Shilikty Chilikty Middle Terrace Royal)
Early Saka (Arzhan–Shilikty 800–700 BCE) — Shilikty middle terrace · Saka of eastern Kazakhstan (Mayemer–Shilikty)
68 m middle terrace royal 730 BCE: 13 horse western compartment and 432 eagle-griffin plaques including stag 22 cm.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Shalobolino Kurgans
Early Iron Age Tagar culture 700-400 BCE · Tagar (Minusinsk Basin)
700 BCE Tagar royal kurgans (8 mounds, 40-85 m) on Yenisei terrace co-located with 3,000-panel rock-art cliff at Shalobolino.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Boralday Saka Kurgans (Boralday Steppe Necropolis)
Early Saka (Scythian) Iron Age · Saka Tigrakhauda (pointed-hat Sakas)
Saka steppe royal cemetery 28 km from Almaty: 81 kurgans 45-105 m with tigrine gold plaques.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Novozavedennoye Kurgan Field – Stavropol Steppe
Maikop to Sarmatian (3600 BCE–300 CE) · Maikop / Yamnaya / Catacomb / Sarmatian
Stratified Maikop–Catacomb–Sarmatian kurgan cemetery (3600 BCE–300 CE) — Caucasus-steppe anchor.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Kurgan
Solokha Scythian Royal Kurgan (Great Zaporizhzhia Mound)
Early Iron Age (Scythian Classic Royal) · Royal Scythian (Pontic Scythia)
Iconic Royal Scythian kurhan (45 m asl, 47°19′34″N 34°20′21″E 47.3269,34.3392 12 km southeast of Bol'shaia Znamenka, Vasil'evka Raion) excavated by Veselovski 1912-13 under 18 m high mound (4th-mill.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Syntas Kurgan Field (Aktobe Sarmatian Ridge)
Early Sarmatian (Sauromatian) · Sarmatian (eastern Ural–Aral)
Sarmatian ridge cemetery 38 km from Aktobe: 17 mounds with Greek kylix sherd and eagle gold.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Boralday North Crest Mound 22 (Boralday Northern Apex Kurgan)
Late Saka (280 BCE) — Boralday late group · Saka Tigrakhauda late (pre-Wusun transition)
82 m northern apex mound 22 at 820 m: 13 m high with panther foil and Han belt hook — Silk Road import in Boralday crest.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Besshatyr Shylbyr Adjunct North Mound (Besshatyr–Shylbyr Gorge North Entrance)
Early Saka 480 BCE to Wusun 180 CE (gateway reuse) · Saka Semirechye primary; Wusun 180 CE secondary
38 m gorge-gateway sentinel 610 m: 480 BCE + Wusun 180 CE, 6 horse offering pits around base marking Shylbyr gorge mouth.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Kelermes Royal Kurgan — Ciscaucasian Scythian Chieftain (Adygea, Kuban)
Early Scythian (pre-Kelermes to Kelermes phase, 8th–7th c BCE aftermath of Near Eastern campaign) · North Caucasian Scythian–Meotian (Cimmerian substrate + returning Scythian)
Adygean Scythian–Cimmerian kurgans (670–640 BCE) with Assyrian mirror and earliest gold-scabbard akinakes.
🇳🇴 Norway · Tumulus
Oseberg Ship Burial – Vestfold Viking Grave
Viking Age (Merovingian to Viking) · Viking Norse (Yngling dynasty)
21.6-m Viking karvi burial (834 CE) under 44-m mound — richest preserved Viking wooden burial.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Philippovka Kurgans – Sarmatian Gold Necropolis
Iron Age Sarmatian (Prokhorovka culture) · Early Sarmatian (Sauromatian–Prokhorovka)
29 Sarmatian chief mounds (400–300 BCE)—26,000 gold appliqués and scale-armored elite on the Ural steppe.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Kostromskaya Kurgan – Maikop Iron Canopy Grave
Early Iron Age, Early Scythian (Kuban group) · Early Scythian (Kubano–Chernogorovka) proto-Scythian elite
7th-c. BCE 30-m Maikop-Mounded Scythian tent-canopy grave with iron-shod poles and 22 horse sacrifice.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Ak-Alakha Plateau Frozen Kurgans (Ukok Extension)
Early Iron Age (Pazyryk) · Pazyryk (Siberian Ice Maiden horizon)
Southern flank of Ukok Plateau World Heritage 768 (2,200 m, 49°21′N 87°30′E) Ak-Alakha River valley palsa permafrost where Molodin 1993 Princess of Ukok site (Ak-Alakha-3) and 6 new kurgans form…
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Karaoba Kurgan Field (West Kazakhstan Sarmatian Steppe)
Early to Middle Sarmatian to Parthian · Western Sarmatian (Aorsian–Alan fringe)
Salt-dome kurgan field 88 km east of Oral: 23 stepped mounds around Permian diapir with Parthian coin.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Duurlig Nars Xiongnu Cemetery – Khentii
Late Iron Age, Xiongnu Empire · Xiongnu (Hunnu) northern imperial elite
Xiongnu elite shaft tombs in Khentii pine forest—Han silk 'Chanyu servant' inscription and lapis 4,000 km trade chain.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Tumulus
Solokha Royal Kurgan — Scythian Gold King (Lower Dnieper, Ukraine)
Scythian Classical (4th c BCE, Scytho-Greek contact) · Pontic Scythian (Scythian–Bosporan Greek elite network)
18-m Pontic Scythian royal hill-mound (430–400 BCE) with Greek-Scythian gold comb and 1.4-kg queen diadem.