🇧🇬 Bulgaria · Tell
Azmashka Mogila (Azmak Tell)
Prehistoric · Regional Chalcolithic-EBA
Azmashka Mogila (Azmak Tell) — buried prehistoric tell/village at Stara Zagora Province.
🇵🇭 Philippines · Hydraulic works
Banaue Hydraulic Terraces North Cluster (Cambulo–Batad North Extension)
Ifugao post-Spanish intensive (Acabado) · Ifugao (Tuwali) terrace engineers
Northernmost Ifugao terrace hydraulic: 120 terraces over 280 m vertical fed by 2.4 km mountain contour canal.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Cerro Unita Giant
Late Intermediate Pica-Tarapaca 900-1450 CE · Tarapaca caravan and Pica oasis
86-m Atacama anthropomorphic giant (900-1450 CE) on Cerro Unita, largest prehistoric figure in Americas.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Hydraulic works
Jawa South Dam & Reservoir System (Wadi Rajil South Extension)
EB I (Proto-urban Chalco–EB transition) · Jawa proto-urban Black Desert (Chalcolithic-EB)
South satellite of Jawa's 3300 BCE basalt dam system: 52-m curvilinear dam impounding 2,000 m³ on Wadi Rajil.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Grek Amele
Prehistoric · Regional Chalcolithic-EBA
Grek Amele — buried prehistoric tell/village at Diyarbakır Province.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Aswan Old Dam
Late Ottoman to Modern, British colonial · British-Egyptian Irrigation Service under Willcocks
1898-1902 British gravity dam (1950 m, 54 m) at First Cataract, culmination of 4600-year Nile hydraulic tradition from Sadd el-Kafara.
🇵🇪 Peru · Geoglyph
Casma-Sechin Geoglyphs
Initial Period to Early Intermediate (Sechin-Recuay) · Casma-Sechin / Recuay
Initial Period desert geoglyphs (1800-1000 BCE) on Casma pampa: feline and anthropomorph lines precursing Nazca.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Zayandeh River — Marnan Bridge and Hydraulic Mills
Safavid Isfahan (1598–1722) · Safavid Persian (Isfahani school, Shah Abbas)
1599 Safavid 300-m 11-arch bridge-weir with 11 pier-embedded mills and Chahar Bagh 8-km canal, Isfahan's western Zayandeh.
🇲🇩 Moldova · Ancient city
Orheiul Vechi Cave Monastery and Geto-Dacian Fortress
Iron Age Geto-Dacian (5th–1st c. BCE) + Medieval Tatar Golden Horde Shehr al-Jadid 14th c. + cave monastery 13th–18th c. · Geto-Dacians, Golden Horde, Moldovan monks
Orheiul Vechi Cave Monastery and Geto-Dacian Fortress in Orhei District, Trebujeni–Butuceni, Răut river loop cliffs, Moldova is a Iron Age Geto-Dacian (5th–1st c.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Wadi al-Qattafi Kite Field (Three-Arm Wadi System)
Late Neolithic to Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) · Black Desert nomadics
Three-arm wadi with 38 kites on basalt mesas above the Qa al-Qattafi playa: densest Black Desert kite field.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Bir-Kot Ghundai Secondary Canal — Swat Right Bank
Bronze Age to Early Historic (1700 BCE–200 CE, Swat protohistoric IV–VII) · Gandhara Grave Culture? Actually Swat protohistoric (Gandhara Grave) to Indo-Greek
Swat 2.5-km proto-canal 1700 BCE puddled clay feeding Ghundai 30 ha rice, Italian Stacul's type Gandhara hydraulic.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Kallanai Grand Anicut
Sangam Period, Early Historic to Colonial · Tamil Chola (Sangam)
2nd century Chola granite anicut (329 m, 150 CE) on Kaveri River, oldest functional dam in world irrigating one million acres.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Hydraulic works
Karakorum — Orkhon Valley Hydraulic and Urban Canals
Mongol Empire (Ögedei to Möngke, 1235–1260) · Mongol imperial (Ögedei, Möngke, artisans Chinese–Muslim–European)
1235 Ögedei capital's 8-km Orkhon pipe to Silver Tree fountain and 60-well moated square, Bonn–Ulaanbaatar excavated.
🇳🇱 Netherlands · Earthwork
Tin Tab Trackway
Neolithic Funnel Beaker 3300 BCE to Bronze Age · Funnel Beaker (TRB) culture
3300 BCE Neolithic heavy-haul bog road (800 m, 2.8 m wide) at Tin Tab, Drenthe, aligned to Emmen hunebed for megalithic sledge transport.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Sadd el-Kafara South Auxiliary Dam (Wadi Garawi South Bank)
Old Kingdom early 4th Dynasty · Old Kingdom Egyptian (Memphite)
South bank companion wing (62 m) to Sadd el-Kafara Old Kingdom unfinished dam (2703 BCE): spillway side with mason marks.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Camarones Ravine Geoglyphs (Quebrada de Camarones)
Late Intermediate (Arica–Tarapacá) · Camarones–Azapa valley folk
Ravine-terrace geoglyphs with white-gravel double-square corrals: 22 figures above the Chinchorro coast.
🇬🇪 Georgia · Rock-cut
Vardzia — Cave City of Queen Tamar
Georgian Golden Age (Bagrationi 1184–1213) · Georgian Orthodox (Queen Tamar, Shota Rustaveli era)
1185 Tamar's 13-level honeycomb with Church of Dormition fresco and 3.5 km aqueduct on Mtkvari gorge, Seljuk fortress.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Earthwork
AlUla South Mustatil Cluster
Late Neolithic Arabian mustatil horizon · Northwest Arabian pastoralists
14 mustatil enclosures (5180-5050 BCE) at AlUla-Sharaan, densest sandstone cluster with betyl solstice alignment.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Ancient village
Eilean Domhnuill
Early to Middle Neolithic 3200-2800 BCE · Hebridean Neolithic (Unstan/Grooved Ware)
3200 BCE Neolithic timber-laced artificial island (32 m) at Eilean Domhnuill, North Uist - earliest crannog settlement in Scotland.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Undavalli Caves — Vijayawada–Guntur Rock-Cut
Vishnukundina–Pallava (5th–7th c.) · Vishnukundina (Andhra) Shaiva–Vaishnava with later Jain (Digambara) overlay
Krishna River 4-tier 70-m Vishnukundina monolith 5th c. with 5-m Ananthasayana Vishnu and Jain overlay, Pallava forerunner.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Zana Dam & Karez Outflow System (Pishin Valley Headwaters)
Ghaznavid to Durrani to British · Pishin Pashtun–Baloch valley tribal hydraulic engineers
Headwaters dam–karez hybrid at Zana Pass: 88-m rockfill dam feeding 3 galleries (1.8-4.2 km) irrigating 420 ha.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Qanat of Hasan Abad-e Moshir — Yazd Desert Water
Timurid to Safavid–Qajar (14th–19th c.), Sasanid precursor mythic · Yazdi Persian (Imam Reza pilgrimage route water, Zoroastrian Yazd water wisdom)
Yazd 45-km 70-m mother well qanat 150 L/s since Safavid, feeding Mehriz 800 ha pistachio under Shirkuh, UNESCO 550.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Saryarka Khirigsuur Field
Late Bronze Age, Saryarka khirigsuur 1400-800 BCE · Andronovo to Deer Stone-Khirigsuur transitional
35 Bronze Age khirigsuurs (1400-800 BCE) on Saryarka steppe, westernmost Deer Stone-Khirigsuur province 1500 km west of Mongolia.
🇮🇩 Indonesia · Hydraulic works
Subak Irrigation System — Bali Cultural Landscape
Warmadewa to Majapahit to colonial (9th–20th c.) · Balinese Hindu Dharma (Shaiva–Water, Tri Hita Karana) with Buddhist layer
9th-c. 1200-km canal 19,500 ha terraces coordinated by water temples (Ulun Danu–Jatiluwih–Pakerisan), Tri Hita Karana.